Vehicular brake system

ABSTRACT

In a vehicular brake system, an input piston and a pressure piston are coaxially and axially movably supported in a cylinder, and a brake pedal is coupled to the input piston. Pressure chambers formed on the axially opposite sides of the input piston communicate with each other via a communication passage. A control oil pressure can be supplied to a first supply port of the communication passage, and a reaction-force oil pressure can be supplied to a second supply port of a reaction-force chamber of the input piston, while braking oil pressures can be delivered from delivery ports of the respective pressure chambers.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to a brake system for a motor vehicle, whichelectronically controls the braking force applied to the vehicle inaccordance with the amount of a braking operation.

BACKGROUND ART

An electronically controlled brake system for a motor vehicle is known,which electrically controls the braking forces of braking devices forthe respective wheels, namely, the hydraulic pressures supplied towheels cylinders for driving the braking devices, in accordance with theamount of a braking operation, e.g., the amount of depression of a brakepedal. An example of a control apparatus for this type of brake systemis disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2004-243983.

In the vehicular brake control system as disclosed in theabove-identified publication, when the vehicle operator or driveroperates the brake pedal, a master cylinder generates a hydraulicpressure in accordance with the amount of operation of the brake pedal,and a part of the hydraulic oil flows into a stroke simulator so thatthe amount of operation of the brake pedal (represented by, e.g., pedalstroke) is controlled in accordance with the pedal pressure applied tothe brake pedal (i.e., the force with which the brake pedal is depressedby the driver). In the meantime, the brake control system sets a targetdeceleration of the vehicle in accordance with the pedal stroke detectedby brake ECU, and determines the distribution of the braking forcesapplied to the respective wheels, based on which certain hydraulicpressures are applied to the respective wheel cylinders.

In the known vehicular brake control system as described above, themaster cylinder for generating a hydraulic pressure commensurate withthe amount of operation of the brake pedal is equipped with the strokesimulator into which a part of the hydraulic oil is fed so as to controlthe amount of operation of the brake pedal. The master cylinder is alsoprovided with pressurizing mechanisms for pressurizing the hydraulic oilto be supplied to the wheel cylinders of the four wheels via master cutvalves. Since the pressurizing mechanisms are provided for the wheelcylinders of the respective wheels, the overall hydraulic system iscomplicated in construction, resulting in an increase in themanufacturing cost.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a vehicular brakesystem that is simple in construction and can be manufactured withreduced cost.

To accomplish the above and/or other object(s), there is providedaccording to a first aspect of the invention a vehicular brake systemcharacterized by comprising: (a) an input piston that is supported in acylinder to be movable in an axial direction of the cylinder, (b) anoperating device coupled to the input piston, (c) a pressure piston thatis disposed coaxially with the input piston and is supported in thecylinder to be movable in the axial direction, (d) control oil pressuresetting means for setting a control oil pressure in accordance with anamount of operation of the operating device which is received by theinput piston, (e) oil pressure supplying means for applying the controloil pressure set by the control oil pressure setting means to thepressure piston so as to generate a braking oil pressure, and (f)operating force absorbing means for absorbing operating force appliedfrom the operating device to the input piston.

In normal operation, the vehicular brake system according to the firstaspect of the invention is able to generate the braking oil pressure byapplying the control oil pressure commensurate with the amount ofoperation of the operating device received by the input piston to thepressure piston, while the operating force absorbing means absorbs theoperating force applied to the input piston so as to control thereaction force applied to the operating device to an appropriate value.Thus, the brake system, which is simple in construction and can bemanufactured at reduced cost, is able to perform appropriate brakingforce control.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided avehicular brake system characterized by comprising: (a) an input pistonthat is supported in a cylinder to be movable in an axial direction ofthe cylinder, (b) an operating device coupled to the input piston, (c) apressure piston that is disposed coaxially with the input piston and issupported in the cylinder to be movable in the axial direction such thatthe pressure piston can be pressed by the input piston, (d) control oilpressure setting means for setting a control oil pressure in accordancewith an amount of operation of the operating device which is received bythe input piston, (e) oil pressure supplying means for applying thecontrol oil pressure set by the control oil pressure setting means to afirst pressure chamber located on one side of the input piston as viewedin the direction of movement of the input piston or a second pressurechamber located on the other side of the input piston so as to generatea braking oil pressure, and (f) a communication passage that allows ahydraulic oil to flow between the first pressure chamber and the secondpressure chamber so as to absorb operating force applied from theoperating device when the input piston moves in response to theoperating force.

In normal operation, the brake system according to the second aspect ofthe invention is able to generate the braking oil pressure by applyingthe control oil pressure commensurate with the amount of operation ofthe operating device received by the input piston to the pressure pistonvia the first and second pressure chambers, while absorbing operatingforce applied from the operating device by utilizing the flow of thehydraulic oil between the first pressure chamber and the second pressurechamber, to thereby assure an appropriate value of reaction forceexerted on the operating device. Upon occurrence of an abnormality, theoperating force applied from the operating device causes the inputpiston to directly press the pressure piston so as to generate a brakingoil pressure. Thus, the brake system, which is simple in constructionand can be manufactured at reduced cost, is able to perform appropriatebraking force control.

In the vehicular brake system according to the second aspect of theinvention, the communication passage may be formed through the inputpiston. Also, each of the communication passage and delivery passagesthrough which the braking oil pressure is delivered may be in the formof an orifice.

In the vehicular brake system according to the second aspect of theinvention, a first pressure-receiving area of the input piston whichreceives a hydraulic pressure of the first pressure chamber and a secondpressure-receiving area of the input piston which receives a hydraulicpressure of the second pressure chamber may be set to be substantiallyequal to each other.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided avehicular brake system characterized by comprising: (a) an input pistonthat is supported in a cylinder to be movable in an axial direction ofthe cylinder, (b) an operating device coupled to the input piston, (c) apressure piston that is disposed coaxially with the input piston and issupported in the cylinder to be movable in the axial direction such thatone of the input piston and the pressure piston is at least partiallyreceived in the other and such that the pressure piston can be pressedby the input piston, (d) control oil pressure setting means for settinga control oil pressure in accordance with an amount of operation of theoperating device which is received by the input piston, (e) oil pressuresupplying means for applying the control oil pressure set by the controloil pressure setting means to the pressure piston so as to generate abraking oil pressure, and (f) a discharge passage that allows ahydraulic oil to be discharged from a pressure chamber located betweenthe input piston and the pressure piston so as to absorb operating forceapplied from the operating device when the input piston moves inresponse to the operating force.

In normal operation, the brake system according to the third aspect ofthe invention is able to generate the braking oil pressure by applyingthe control oil pressure commensurate with the amount of operation ofthe operating device received by the input piston to the pressurepiston, while absorbing operating force applied from the operatingdevice by utilizing discharge of the hydraulic oil from the pressurechamber, to thereby assure an appropriate value of reaction forceexerted on the operating device. Upon occurrence of an abnormality, theoperating force applied from the operating device causes the inputpiston to directly press the pressure piston so as to generate a brakingoil pressure. Thus, the brake system, which is simple in constructionand can be manufactured at reduced cost, is able to perform appropriatebraking force control.

In the vehicular brake system according to the third aspect of theinvention, a first pressure-receiving area of the input piston whichreceives a hydraulic pressure of the pressure chamber and a secondpressure-receiving area of the pressure piston which receives thecontrol oil pressure from the oil pressure supplying means may be set tobe substantially equal to each other.

The vehicular brake system according to the second or third aspect ofthe invention may further include reaction-force setting means forsetting a reaction force in accordance with the amount of operation ofthe operating device which is received by the input piston, andreaction-force supplying means for applying the reaction force set bythe reaction-force setting means to the input piston so as to exert thereaction force on the operating device.

The vehicular brake system according to the second or third aspect ofthe invention may further include reaction-force generating means forgenerating a reaction force to be applied to the operating device viathe input piston, and reaction-force restricting means for restrictingthe reaction force applied to the operating device by the reaction-forcegenerating means upon occurrence of an abnormality. In this case, thereaction-force restricting means may include a solenoid-operated valveor a relief valve.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided avehicular brake system characterized by comprising: (a) an input pistonthat is supported in a cylinder to be movable in an axial direction ofthe cylinder, (b) an operating device coupled to the input piston, (c) apressure piston that is disposed coaxially with the input piston and issupported in the cylinder to be movable in the axial direction, (d)operating amount detecting means for detecting an amount of operation ofthe operating device which is received by the input piston, (e) controloil pressure setting means for setting a control oil pressure inaccordance with the amount of operation detected by the operating amountdetecting means, (f) control oil pressure supplying means for applyingthe control oil pressure set by the control oil pressure setting meansto the pressure piston so as to generate a braking oil pressure, (g)operating force absorbing means for absorbing operating force appliedfrom the operating device to the input piston, (h) reaction-force oilpressure setting means for setting a reaction-force oil pressure inaccordance with the amount of operation detected by the operating amountdetecting means or the braking oil pressure generated, and (i)reaction-force oil pressure supplying means for applying thereaction-force oil pressure set by the reaction-force oil pressuresetting means to the input piston so as to exert reaction force on theoperating device.

In normal operation, the brake system according to the fourth aspect ofthe invention is able to generate the braking oil pressure by applyingthe control oil pressure commensurate with the amount of operation ofthe operating device received by the input piston to the pressurepiston, and is also able to set the reaction force applied to theoperating device to an appropriate value by applying the reaction-forceoil pressure commensurate with the amount of operation of the operatingdevice to the input piston while the operating force absorbing meansabsorbs the operating force applied from the operating device. Thus, thebrake system, which is simple in construction and can be manufactured atreduced cost, is able to perform appropriate braking force control andreaction force control.

In the vehicular brake system according to the fourth aspect of theinvention, the control oil pressure supplying means may supply thecontrol oil pressure to a first pressure chamber located on one side ofthe input piston as viewed in the direction of movement of the inputpiston or a second pressure chamber located on the other side of theinput piston, so that the braking oil pressure can be delivered from thefirst pressure chamber and a third pressure chamber of the pressurepiston. In this brake system, a first pressure sensor may be providedfor detecting the braking oil pressure delivered from the first pressurechamber, and a second pressure sensor may be provided for detecting thebraking oil pressure delivered from the third pressure chamber. When afailure of the operating amount detecting means is detected, the controloil pressure setting means may set the control oil pressure so that thepressure detected by the first pressure sensor becomes substantiallyequal to the pressure detected by the second pressure sensor.

In the vehicular brake system according to the fourth aspect of theinvention, a third pressure sensor may be provided for detecting thereaction-force oil pressure applied to the input piston, and areaction-force detection sensor may be provided for detecting thereaction force applied to the operating device. In this brake system,the reaction-force oil pressure supplying means may be controlled sothat the reaction-force oil pressure set by the reaction-force oilpressure setting means becomes substantially equal to the actualreaction-force oil pressure detected by the third pressure sensor. Whena failure of the third pressure sensor is detected, the reaction-forceoil pressure setting means may set the reaction-force oil pressure inaccordance with the reaction force detected by the reaction-forcedetection sensor.

In the vehicular brake system according to the fourth aspect of theinvention, a failure of the reaction-force oil pressure supplying meansmay be detected based on a relationship between the amount of operationof the operating device detected by the operating amount detecting meansand the reaction force applied to the operating device.

In the vehicular brake system according to the fourth aspect of theinvention, the control oil pressure supplying means may supply thecontrol oil pressure to a first pressure chamber located on one side ofthe input piston as viewed in the direction of movement of the inputpiston or a second pressure chamber located on the other side of theinput piston so that the braking oil pressures can be delivered from thefirst pressure chamber and a third pressure chamber of the pressurepiston. In this brake system, a first pressure sensor may be providedfor detecting the braking oil pressure delivered from the first pressurechamber, and a second pressure sensor may be provided for detecting thebraking oil pressure delivered from the third pressure chamber. When thebraking oil pressure detected by the second pressure sensor is lowerthan the braking oil pressure detected by the first pressure sensor by apredetermined value or greater, it may be determined that a defectexists in a delivery channel through which the braking oil pressure isdelivered from the third pressure chamber, and the reaction-force oilpressure set by the reaction-force oil pressure setting means may bereduced.

In the vehicular brake system according to the fourth aspect of theinvention, the control oil pressure supplying means may supply thecontrol oil pressure to a first pressure chamber located on one side ofthe input piston as viewed in the direction of movement of the inputpiston or a second pressure chamber located on the other side of theinput piston so that the braking oil pressure can be delivered from thefirst pressure chamber and a third pressure chamber of the pressurepiston. In this brake system, a first pressure sensor may be providedfor detecting the braking oil pressure delivered from the first pressurechamber. When the braking oil pressure detected by the first pressuresensor is lower than the control oil pressure set by the control oilpressure setting means by a predetermined value or greater, it may bedetermined that a defect exists in a delivery channel through which thebraking oil pressure is delivered from the first pressure chamber, andthe reaction-force oil pressure set by the reaction-force oil pressuresetting means may be reduced.

In the vehicular brake system according to the fourth aspect of theinvention, the control oil pressure supplying means may supply thecontrol oil pressure to a first pressure chamber located on one side ofthe input piston as viewed in the direction of movement of the inputpiston or a second pressure chamber located on the other side of theinput piston, so that the braking oil pressure can be delivered from thefirst pressure chamber and a third pressure chamber of the pressurepiston. In this brake system, a first pressure sensor may be providedfor detecting the braking oil pressure delivered from the first pressurechamber, and a second pressure sensor may be provided for detecting thebraking oil pressure delivered from the third pressure chamber. Therelationship between the position of the input piston and that of thepressure piston may be determined based on a difference between thepressure detected by the first pressure sensor and the pressure detectedby the second pressure sensor.

In the vehicular brake system as described just above, it may bedetermined whether the input piston and the pressure piston are incontact with each other, based on the amount of operation of theoperating device detected by the operating amount detecting means. Whenthe input piston and the pressure piston are not in contact with eachother, and the difference between the pressure detected by the firstpressure sensor and the pressure detected by the second pressure sensoris equal to or larger than a predetermined value, it may be determinedthat at least one of the first pressure sensor and the second pressuresensor is at fault.

In the vehicular brake system according to the fourth aspect of theinvention, a third pressure sensor may be provided for detecting thereaction-force oil pressure applied to the input piston, and areaction-force detection sensor may be provided for detecting thereaction force applied to the operating device. In this brake system, afailure of the third pressure sensor or the reaction-force detectionsensor may be detected based on the reaction-force oil pressure detectedby the third pressure sensor and the reaction force detected by thereaction-force detection sensor. When a failure of the third pressuresensor or the reaction-force detection sensor is detected, an amount ofchange of the reaction-force oil pressure set by the reaction-force oilpressure setting means may be reduced.

In the vehicular brake system according to the fourth aspect of theinvention, the control oil pressure supplying means may supply thecontrol oil pressure to a first pressure chamber located on one side ofthe input piston as viewed in the direction of movement of the inputpiston or a second pressure chamber located on the other side of theinput piston, so that the braking oil pressure can be delivered from thefirst pressure chamber and a third pressure chamber of the pressurepiston. In this brake system, the reaction-force oil pressure supplyingmeans may apply the reaction-force oil pressure from a reaction-forcechamber to the input piston, and leakage of a hydraulic oil between thefirst pressure chamber and the reaction-force chamber may be detectedwhen the control oil pressure applied to the first pressure chamber isincreased in a condition in which the hydraulic oil is inhibited frombeing discharged from the reaction-force chamber. When the leakage isdetected, the control oil pressure setting means may set the control oilpressure based on the reaction force applied to the operating device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The foregoing and/or further objects, features and advantages of theinvention will become more apparent from the following description ofexemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, inwhich like numerals are used to represent like elements and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a first embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a graph indicating target output oil pressure and targetreaction force with respect to the pedal stroke in the vehicular brakesystem of the first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating braking force control performed bythe vehicular brake system of the first embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a second embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a third embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a fourth embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a fifth embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8A is a flowchart illustrating failure determination controlperformed by a vehicular brake system according to a sixth embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 8B is a flowchart illustrating failure determination controlperformed by the vehicular brake system according to the sixthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8C is a flowchart illustrating failure determination controlperformed by the vehicular brake system according to the sixthembodiment of the invention

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determining afailure of a stroke sensor;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determining afailure of a pressure sensor;

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for detecting afailure of linear valves;

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determining afailure of a mechanism for applying reaction force;

FIG. 13 is a graph indicating output oil pressure and reaction forcewith respect to the pedal stroke, which graph is used for explainingdetermination of a failure of the reaction-force applying mechanism;

FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determining anabnormality in the braking oil pressure;

FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determining adefect in an oil hydraulic channel leading to the front wheels;

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determining adefect in an oil hydraulic channel leading to the rear wheels;

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determiningcontact between an input piston and a pressure piston;

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for detecting adifference between the outputs of pressure sensors;

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determining anabnormality in the result of comparison between the outputs of a pedalpressure switch and a reaction-force pressure sensor;

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determiningleakage of the hydraulic oil from a first pressure chamber into areaction-force chamber;

FIG. 21 is a graph used for explaining setting of the reaction-force oilpressure when a failure of the reaction-force pressure sensor isdetected;

FIG. 22 is a graph used for explaining setting of the reaction-force oilpressure when an abnormality is detected in the result of comparisonbetween the outputs of the pedal pressure switch and the reaction-forcepressure sensor;

FIG. 23 is a graph used for explaining setting of the reaction-force oilpressure upon detection of a defect in the oil hydraulic channel leadingto the front wheels; and

FIG. 24 is a graph used for explaining setting of the reaction-force oilpressure upon detection of a defect in the oil hydraulic channel leadingto the rear wheels.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Some embodiments of the vehicular brake system of the invention will bedescribed in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is,however, to be understood that the invention is not limited to theseembodiments.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 schematically shows a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a first embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 is a graphindicating the target output oil pressure and target reaction force withrespect to the pedal stroke in the vehicular brake system of the firstembodiment. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating braking force controlperformed by the vehicular brake system of the first embodiment.

In the vehicular brake system of the first embodiment, a cylinder 11having a cylindrical shape is provided which is open at its proximal endand is closed at its distal end, as shown in FIG. 1. An input piston 12and a pressure piston 13 are coaxially disposed in and supported by thecylinder 11 such that the pistons 12, 13 are movable in the axialdirection. The input piston 12 is located on one of the axially oppositesides closer to the proximal end of the cylinder 11, and the pressurepiston 13 is located on the other side closer to the distal end of thecylinder 11. An operating rod 15 of a brake pedal 14 as an operatingdevice is coupled to a proximal end portion of the input piston 12, suchthat the input piston 12 can be moved by the brake pedal 14 via theoperating rod 15 when the brake pedal 14 is operated by the vehicleoperator or driver. Two support members 16, 17 are press-fitted orscrewed in the cylinder 11 such that the outer circumferential surfacesof the support members 16, 17 are secured to the inner circumferentialsurface of the cylinder 11. The input piston 12 is movably supported bythe support members 16, 17, and has a disc-shaped flange 18 that ismovably supported by the inner circumferential surface of the cylinder11. The axial movement of the input piston 12 is limited (i.e., thestroke of the input piston 12 is determined) by abutting contactsbetween the flange 18 and the support members 16, 17, and areaction-force spring 19 disposed between the support member 16 and theflange 18 urges the flange 18 to contact with the support member 17.Namely, the flange 18 is normally located under the bias force of thespring 19 at the position where the flange 18 is in contact with thesupport member 17.

The pressure piston 13 has a U-shaped cross section as viewed in theplane of FIG. 1, and is movably supported at its outer circumferentialsurface by the inner circumferential surface of the cylinder 11. Theaxial movement of the pressure, piston 13 is limited (i.e., the strokeof the pressure piston 13 is determined) by abutting contacts betweenthe front and rear end faces of the pressure piston 13 and the inputpiston 11 and the support member 16, respectively, and a spring 20disposed between the pressure piston 13 and the cylinder 11 urges thepressure piston 13 to contact with the support member 16. Namely, thepressure piston 13 is normally located under the bias force of thespring 20 at the position where the piston 13 is in contact with thesupport member 16. With this arrangement, the input piston 12 and thepressure piston 13 are held apart from each other with a predeterminedspacing (stroke) S0 left therebetween. When the driver operates thebrake pedal 14 to advance the input piston 12 by the stroke S0, theinput piston 12 is brought into contact with and presses the pressurepiston 13.

With the input piston 12 and the pressure piston 13 thus coaxially andmovably disposed in the cylinder 11, a first pressure chamber R1 isformed on one side of the input piston 12 as viewed in the direction ofmovement thereof, namely, between the input piston 12 and the pressurepiston 13, and a second pressure chamber R2 is formed on the other sideof the input piston 12, namely, between the flange 18 of the inputpiston 12 and the support member 17. Furthermore, a third pressurechamber R3 is formed between the cylinder 11 and the pressure piston 13,and a reaction-force chamber R4 is formed between the support member 16and the flange 18 of the input piston 12. The first pressure chamber R1and the second pressure chamber R2 communicate with each other via acommunication passage 21 in the form of an orifice formed in thecylinder 11.

A hydraulic pump 22 is adapted to be driven by a motor 23 so as tosupply a hydraulic pressure to the hydraulic system of the brake system.The hydraulic pump 22 is connected to a reservoir tank 25 via a line 24,and is connected to an accumulator 27 via a line 26. The accumulator 27is connected to a first supply port 29 of the communication passage 21via a first oil pressure supply line 28. A first linear valve 30 isdisposed in the first oil pressure supply line 28, and a second linearvalve 32 is disposed in a first oil pressure discharge line 31 thatconnects the first oil pressure supply line 28 with the line 24. Thefirst linear vale 30 and the second linear valve 32 are flow regulatingtype solenoid valves, and the first linear valve 30 is of a normallyclosed type while the second linear valve 32 is of a normally open type.

The accumulator 27 is also connected to a second supply port 34 thatcommunicates with the reaction-force chamber R4, via a second oilpressure supply line 33. A third linear valve 35 is disposed in thesecond oil pressure supply line 33, and a fourth linear valve 37 isdisposed in a second oil pressure discharge line 36 that connects thesecond oil pressure supply line 33 with the first oil pressure dischargeline 31. A check valve 38, which bypasses the fourth linear valve 37, isalso disposed in the second oil pressure discharge line 36. The thirdlinear valve 35 and the fourth linear valve 37 are flow regulating typesolenoid valves, and the second linear valve 35 is of a normally closedtype while the fourth linear valve 37 is of a normally open type.

In the meantime, wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR and 39RL for actuatingrespective brake devices (not shown) are provided in the front wheelsFR, FL and rear wheels RR, RL, respectively, and are adapted to beoperated by an ABS (anti-lock brake system) 40. A first oil pressuredelivery line 42 is connected to a first delivery port 41 in the form ofan orifice that communicates with the second pressure chamber R2. Thefirst oil pressure delivery line 42 is connected to the ABS 40, and iscapable of supplying hydraulic pressure to the wheel cylinders 39RR,39RL of the rear wheels RR, RL. A second oil pressure delivery line 44is connected to a second delivery port 43 in the form of an orifice thatcommunicates with the third pressure chamber R3. The second oil pressuredelivery line 44 is connected to the ABS 40, and is capable of supplyinghydraulic pressure to the wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL of the front wheelsFR, FL. Furthermore, an oil pressure discharge line 47 connects thereservoir tank 25 with first and second discharge ports 45, 46 thatcommunicate with the third pressure chamber R3.

O rings 48 and one-way seals 49 are mounted in appropriate portions ofthe cylinder 11, input piston 12, pressure piston 13 and othercomponents so as to prevent leakage of the hydraulic oil.

In the vehicular brake system of the first embodiment constructed asdescribed above, an electronic control unit (ECU) 51 (serving as acontrol oil pressure setting means) sets a control oil pressure inaccordance with an amount of operation of the brake pedal 14 (i.e., thepedal stroke) received by the input piston 12. The brake system alsoincludes an oil pressure supplying means for applying the thus setcontrol oil pressure to the pressure piston 13 so as to produce brakingoil pressures. The braking oil pressures thus produced are supplied tothe ABS 40, which in turn actuates the wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR,39RL to apply the braking forces to the front wheels FR, FL and rearwheels RR, EL. In the present embodiment, the control oil pressure issupplied to the first pressure chamber R1 and second pressure chamber R2of the input piston 13 so as to be applied to the pressure piston 13, tothereby create the braking oil pressures.

In the first embodiment, an operating force absorbing means is providedfor absorbing the operating force applied from the brake pedal 14 to theinput piston 12, so that the force with which the input piston 12 ispressed is not transmitted to the pressure piston 13 and the same forcedoes not act as reaction force which would otherwise be applied to thebrake pedal 14 in response to the operation thereof. In this embodiment,the operating force absorbing means consists of the communicationpassage 21 that communicates the first pressure chamber R1 with thesecond pressure chamber R2, and the predetermined spacing S0 between theinput piston 12 and the pressure piston 13. To enable the operatingforce absorbing means to absorb the operating force, the firstpressure-receiving area A2 of the distal end face of the input piston 12that receives the hydraulic pressure of the first pressure chamber R1and the second pressure-receiving area A3 of the flange 18 of the inputpiston 12 that receives the hydraulic pressure of the second pressurechamber R2 are made equal to each other with respect to thecross-sectional area A1 of the bore of the cylinder 11. Upon occurrenceof an abnormality, the operating force applied from the brake pedal 14causes the input piston 12 to directly press the pressure piston 13, tothereby produce the braking oil pressures.

Furthermore, the ECU 51 (serving as a reaction-force setting means) setsreaction force in accordance with the amount of operation of the brakepedal 14 received by the input piston 12, so that the reaction forcethus set is applied to the input piston 12 and is exerted on the brakepedal 14 (reaction-force supplying means, reaction-force generatingmeans). Upon occurrence of an abnormality, the reaction force applied tothe brake pedal 14 is restricted (reaction-force restricting means), sothat the brake pedal 14 is prevented from being inoperable.

More specifically, the brake pedal 14 is provided with a stroke sensor52 that detects the pedal stroke Sp of the brake pedal 14, a pedalpressure sensor 53 that detects the pedal pressure or pedal effort Fpwith which the brake pedal 14 is depressed, a pedal pressure switch 54that is switched ON/OFF with reference to a certain pedal pressure, anda stop lamp switch 55 that turns on a stop lamp (not shown) upondetection of the pedal pressure. The results of detection by thesesensors and switches 52, 53, 54, 55 are transmitted to the ECU 51. Thefirst oil pressure delivery line 42 and the second oil pressure deliveryline 44 are respectively provided with a first pressure sensor 56 thatdetects the hydraulic pressure in the line 42 and a second pressuresensor 57 that detects the hydraulic pressure in the line 44. Morespecifically, the first pressure sensor 56 detects a braking oilpressure Pr supplied from the first pressure chamber R1 to the wheelcylinders 39RR, 39RL of the rear wheels RR, RL via the first oilpressure delivery line 42, and transmits the result of detection to theECU 51. On the other hand, the second pressure sensor 57 detects abraking oil pressure Pf supplied from the third pressure chamber R3 tothe wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL of the front wheels FR, FL via the secondoil pressure delivery line 44, and transmits the result of detection tothe ECU 51.

Furthermore, a third pressure sensor 58 is provided in the second oilpressure supply line 33 that extends from the accumulator 27 to thesecond supply port 34, such that the sensor 58 is located downstream ofthe third linear valve 35. The third pressure sensor 58 detects areaction-force oil pressure Pv supplied to the reaction-force chamberR4, and transmits the result of detection to the ECU 51. A fourthpressure sensor 59, which is provided in the line 26 that extends fromthe accumulator 27, detects a hydraulic pressure Pp supplied from theaccumulator 27 to each pressure chamber, and transmits the result ofdetection to the ECU 51. Wheel speed sensors 60, which are respectivelyprovided in the front wheels FR, FL and rear wheels RR, RL, detect thewheel speeds of the respective wheels, and transmits the detected wheelspeeds to the ECU 51.

In operation, the ECU 51 sets a target output oil pressure Prt based onthe pedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52, as shown in FIG.2, and adjusts the openings of the first and second linear valves 30, 32based on the target output oil pressure Prt. The ECU 51 also acquiresthe braking oil pressure Pr detected by the first pressure sensor 56,and performs feedback-control so that the braking oil pressure Prbecomes equal to the target output oil pressure Prt. In this case, theECU 51 stores a map of the target output oil pressure Prt with respectto the pedal stroke Sp (as shown in FIG. 2), and controls the first andsecond linear valves 30, 32 based on this map. The reaction force Pbexerted on the brake pedal 14 is the sum of the spring force of thereaction-force spring 19 and the reaction-force oil pressure Pv appliedto the reaction-force chamber R4. The spring force is a constant orfixed value that is determined by the properties of the reaction-forcespring 19. Thus, the ECU 51 sets a target reaction-force oil pressurePvt based on the pedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52, andadjusts the openings of the third and fourth linear valves 35, 37 basedon the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt. The ECU 51 also acquiresthe reaction-force oil pressure Pv detected by the third pressure sensor58, and performs feedback-control so that the reaction-force oilpressure Pv becomes equal to the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt.In this case, the ECU 51 stores a map of the target reaction-force oilpressure Pvt with respect to the pedal stroke Sp (as shown in FIG. 2),and controls the third and fourth linear valves 35, 37 based on thismap.

Here, the relationships among the braking oil pressures Pf, Pr and thereaction force Fp (reaction-force oil pressure Pv) will be described.The braking oil pressure Pr is set based on the pedal stroke Sp and afunction map that is set in advance with respect to the braking oilpressure Pr and the pedal stroke Sp. The braking oil pressure Pf isapproximately equal to the braking oil pressure Pr, and Pr=f Sp (f is afunction of stroke-oil pressure). The balance of the forces applied tothe input piston 12 is expressed as follows:A2×Pr+Sp×k0+A3×Pv=Fp+A3×PrFp=(A2−A3)×Pr+k0×Sp+A3×Pvwhere k0 is spring constant of the reaction-force spring 19. If theassembly of the cylinder 11, input piston 12 and the pressure piston 13is designed such that the area A2 is equal to the area A3, the reactionforce is expressed as follows:Fp=k0×Sp+A3×Pv

The area A3 is a fixed value, and, therefore, the pedal pressure Fp isdetermined by the reaction force Pv. It is thus possible to vary thepedal pressure Fp by controlling the reaction force Pv, and set therelationships among the pedal pressure Fp, pedal stroke Sp and thebraking oil pressures Pf, Pr as desired.

In the following, braking force control performed by the vehicular brakesystem of the first embodiment will be described with reference to theflowchart of FIG. 3. In the braking force control, the ECU 51 acquiresthe pedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52 in step S1,acquires the braking oil pressure Pr detected by the first pressuresensor 56 and the braking oil pressure Pf detected by the secondpressure sensor 57 in step S2, and acquires the reaction-force oilpressure Pv detected by the third pressure sensor 58 in step S3, asshown in FIG. 3.

Subsequently, the ECU 51 calculates the target output oil pressure Prtusing the map set in advance based on the pedal stroke Sp in step S4,and calculates the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt using the mapset in advance based on the pedal stroke Sp in step S5. In step S6, theECU 51 adjusts the openings of the first and second linear valves 30, 32based on the calculated target output oil pressure Prt, and adjusts theopenings of the third and fourth linear valves 35, 37 based on thecalculated target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt. In this step, the ECU51 controls the braking oil pressure Pr in a feedback fashion so thatthe braking oil pressure Pr becomes equal to the target output oilpressure Prt, and controls the reaction-force oil pressure Pv in afeedback fashion so that the reaction-force oil pressure Pv becomesequal to the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt.

More specifically described with reference to FIG. 1, when the driverdepresses the brake pedal 14, the input piston 12 moves forward (i.e.,moves leftward as viewed in FIG. 1) due to the operating force appliedto the brake pedal 14. While the input piston 12 moves forward at thistime, the input piston 12 does not directly press the pressure piston 13because the predetermined spacing S0 is provided between the inputpiston 12 and the pressure piston 13. With the input piston 12 thusadvanced, the hydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R1 flows intothe second pressure chamber R2 through the communication passage 21 sothat the input piston 12 is brought into a free condition and thehydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R1 does not cause thereaction force to be applied to the brake pedal 14 via the input piston12.

When the driver depresses the brake pedal 14 and the input piston 12moves forward, the stroke sensor 52 detects the pedal stroke Sp, and theECU 51 sets the target output oil pressure Prt and the targetreaction-force oil pressure Pvt based on the detected pedal stroke Sp.The ECU 51 then adjusts the openings of the first and second linearvalves 30, 32 based on the target output oil pressure Prt, and causes acertain control oil pressure to be applied to the first pressure chamberRF. With the control oil pressure thus produced, a certain braking oilpressure Pr is applied from the first pressure chamber R1 to the firstoil pressure delivery line 42, and a certain braking oil pressure Pf isapplied from the third pressure chamber R3 to the second oil pressuredelivery line 44. The braking oil pressures Pr, Pf are then applied tothe wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR and 39RL via the ABS 40, so thatbraking forces commensurate with the operating force applied to thebrake pedal 14 by the driver are generated in the front wheels FR, FLand the rear wheels RR, RL.

When the input piston 12 moves forward under the operating force of thebrake pedal 14, and a certain control oil pressure is applied to thefirst pressure chamber R1, the pressure piston 13 moves to shut off thefirst and second discharge ports 45, 46, to thereby raise the pressurein the third pressure chamber R3. Thus, the oil pressures in the firstpressure chamber R1 and the third pressure chamber R3 are balanced inaccordance with the control oil pressure applied to the first pressurechamber R1, whereby the braking oil pressures Pr, Pf delivered fromthese pressure chambers R1, R3 are made substantially equal to eachother.

The ECU 51 adjusts the openings of the third and fourth linear valves35, 37 based on the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt, and appliesa certain reaction-force oil pressure to the reaction-force chamber R4.As a result, the reaction force Pb, which is the sum of thereaction-force oil pressure and the spring force of the reaction-forcespring 19, is applied to the reaction-force chamber R4, and istransmitted to the brake pedal 14 via the input piston 12. In thismanner, the reaction force commensurate with the operating force of thebrake pedal 14 can be exerted on the driver.

When the driver depresses the brake pedal 14 in the case where anabnormality arises in the hydraulic system that applies reaction forceto the brake pedal 14, the input piston 12 moves forward by thepredetermined stroke S0, and is then brought into contact with thepressure piston 13. Then, the distal end portion of the input piston 12directly presses the pressure piston 13 so that certain braking oilpressures Pr, Pf are applied to the wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR,39RL via the ABS 40. In this case, the hydraulic oil in thereaction-force chamber R4 is discharged into the reservoir tank 26through the second oil pressure supply line 33 and the fourth linearvalve 37 that functions as a reaction-force restricting device. With thereaction force thus restricted, the brake pedal 14 is prevented frombeing inoperable, or the force with which the brake pedal 14 is operateddoes not become excessively large.

In the vehicular brake system of the first embodiment as describedabove, the input piston 12 and the pressure piston 13 are coaxiallysupported in the cylinder 11 such that the pistons 12, 13 are movable inthe axial direction, and the brake pedal 14 is coupled to the inputpiston 12. The pressure chambers R1, R2 formed on the axially oppositesides of the input piston 12 communicate with each other via thecommunication passage 21. In operation, a control oil pressure issupplied to the first supply port 29 of the communication passage 21,and a reaction-force oil pressure is supplied to the second supply port34 of the reaction-force chamber R4 of the input piston 12, while thebraking oil pressures are delivered from the delivery ports 41, 43 ofthe first and third pressure chambers R1, R3.

With the brake system constructed as described above, the ECU 51 setsthe target output oil pressure Prt in accordance with the pedal strokeSp, and causes a control oil pressure to be applied to the firstpressure chamber R1 based on the target output oil pressure Prt, so thata certain braking oil pressure Pr is delivered from the first pressurechamber R1 into the first oil pressure delivery line 42 while a certainbraking oil pressure Pf is delivered from the third pressure chamber R3into the second oil pressure delivery line 44. The braking oil pressuresPr, Pf thus delivered are applied to the respective wheel cylinders39FR, 39FL, 39RR, 39RL via the ABS 40, so that appropriate brakingforces commensurate with the operating force applied to the brake pedal14 by the driver can be generated in the front wheels FR, FL and rearwheels RR, RL.

When the input piston 12 moves forward in response to the operation ofthe brake pedal 14, the hydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R1flows into the second pressure chamber R2 through the communicationpassage 21, and, therefore, the input piston 12 does not receive thecontrol oil pressure. In this condition, the ECU 51 sets the targetreaction-force oil pressure Pvt in accordance with the pedal stroke Sp,and causes a certain reaction-force oil pressure to be applied to thereaction-force chamber R4 based on the target reaction-force oilpressure Pvt, so that the reaction force Pb, which is the sum of thereaction-force oil pressure and the spring force of the reaction-forcespring 19, is transmitted to the brake pedal 14 via the input piston 12.Thus, appropriate reaction force commensurate with the operating forceof the brake pedal 14 can be exerted on the driver.

Upon occurrence of an abnormality, the input piston 12 directly pressesthe pressure piston 13 depending upon the amount of operation of thebrake pedal 14 by the driver, so as to produce braking oil pressures,thus assuring improved safety.

In the vehicular brake system of the first embodiment as describedabove, braking oil pressures commensurate with the amount of operationof the brake pedal 14 by the driver can be generated with highreliability, and reaction force commensurate with the operating forceapplied to the brake pedal 14 can be appropriately exerted on thedriver. While the brake system of this embodiment is simple inconstruction, owing to its simplified hydraulic system or oil channels,and can be manufactured at reduced cost, the brake system is capable ofperforming appropriate braking force control and reaction force control,as described above.

In the vehicular brake system of the first embodiment, the operatingforce absorbing means consists of the communication passage 21 thatcommunicates with the pressure chambers R1, R2 and the predeterminedspacing S0 between the input piston 12 and the pressure piston 13. Thus,the brake system is able to suppress or restrict variations in thereaction force applied to the brake pedal 14 with a simple arrangement.In this case, the first pressure-receiving area A2 of the input piston12 which receives the hydraulic pressure of the first pressure chamberR1 and the second pressure-receiving L0 area A3 of the flange 18 of theinput piston 12 which receives the hydraulic pressure of the secondpressure chamber R2 are set to be equal to each other, so that theoperating force applied from the brake pedal 14 to the input piston 12can be surely absorbed.

Furthermore, the communication passage 21 that communicates with thefirst and second pressure chambers FR, R2 and the first and seconddelivery ports 41, 43 that L5 deliver the braking oil pressures take theform of orifices. With this arrangement, the force corresponding to theoperating speed of the brake pedal 14 is transmitted as reaction forceto the input piston 12, thus assuring improved operating comfort for thedriver.

Second Embodiment

FIG. 4 schematically shows a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a second embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 4, the samereference numerals as used in FIG. 1 are used for identifyingstructurally and/or functionally corresponding elements, of whichdetailed description will not be provided.

In the vehicular brake system of the second embodiment, an input piston12 and a pressure piston 13 are arranged in series and movably supportedin a cylinder 11, and an operating rod 15 of a brake pedal 14 is coupledto the input piston 12, as shown in FIG. 4. The input piston 12 has aflange 18 that is held in contact with a support member 17 under biasforce of a reaction-force spring 19. On the other hand, the pressurepiston 13 is held in contact with a support member 16 under bias forceof a spring 20. The pressure piston 13 and the input piston 12 are heldapart from each other with a predetermined spacing (stroke) S0 lefttherebetween.

In the cylinder 11, a first pressure chamber R1 is formed between theinput piston 12 and the pressure piston 13, and a second pressurechamber R2 is formed between the flange 18 of the input piston 12 andthe support member 17, while a third pressure chamber R3 is formedbetween the cylinder 11 and the pressure piston 13, and a reaction-forcechamber R4 is formed between the support member 16 and the flange 18 ofthe input piston 12. The first pressure chamber R1 and the secondpressure chamber R2 communicate with each other through a communicationpassage 61 in the form of an orifice formed in the input piston 12.

In the second embodiment, the communication passage 61 that communicatesthe first pressure chamber R1 with the second pressure chamber R2 isformed within the input piston 12. The communication passage 61 consistsof a first hole 61 a formed along the axis of the input piston 12, and asecond hole 61 b formed in radial directions of the piston 12 tocommunicate with the first hole 61 a.

A first oil pressure supply line 28 that extends from an accumulator 27is connected to a first supply port 29 of the communication passage 61,and a first linear valve 30 is disposed in the first oil pressure supplyline 28 while a second linear valve 32 is disposed in a first oilpressure discharge line 31 connected to the first oil pressure supplyline 28. A second oil pressure supply line 33 that extends from theaccumulator 27 is connected to a second support port 34 of thereaction-force chamber R4, and a third linear valve 35 is disposed inthe second oil pressure supply line 33 while a fourth linear valve 37 isdisposed in a second oil pressure discharge line 36 connected to thesecond oil pressure supply line 33.

In the meantime, a first delivery port 41 of the second pressure chamberR2 is connected to the ABS 40 via a first oil pressure delivery line 42such that hydraulic pressure can be supplied to the wheel cylinders39RR, 39RL of the rear wheels RR, RL. A second delivery port 43 of thethird pressure chamber R3 is connected to the ABS 40 via a second oilpressure delivery line 44 such that hydraulic pressure can be suppliedto the wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL of the front wheels FR, FL.Furthermore, first and second discharge ports 45, 46 of the thirdpressure chamber R3 are connected to a reservoir tank 25 via an oilpressure discharge line 47.

The brake pedal 14 is provided with a stroke sensor 52, a pedal pressuresensor 53, a pedal pressure switch 54 and a stop lamp switch 55, whichtransmit the results of detection to the ECU 51. The first and secondoil pressure delivery lines 42, 44 are respectively provided with firstand second pressure sensors 56, 57, which transmit the results ofdetection to the ECU 51. Furthermore, the second oil pressure supplyline 33 is provided with a third pressure sensor 58, and a line 26 thatextends from the accumulator 27 is provided with a fourth pressuresensor 59. The third and fourth pressure sensors 58, 59 transmit theresults of detection to the ECU 51.

With the brake system thus constructed, the ECU 51 sets a target outputoil pressure Prt based on the pedal stroke Sp detected by the strokesensor 52, and adjusts the openings of the first and second linearvalves 30, 32. The ECU 51 also acquires the braking oil pressure Prdetected by the first pressure sensor 56, and performs feedback controlso that the braking oil pressure Pr becomes equal to the target outputoil pressure Prt. The ECU 51 sets a target reaction-force oil pressurePvt based on the pedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52, andadjusts the openings of the third and fourth linear valves 35, 37. TheECU 51 also acquires the reaction-force oil pressure Pv detected by thethird pressure sensor 58, and performs feedback control so that thereaction-force oil pressure Pv becomes equal to the targetreaction-force oil pressure Pvt.

Hydraulic control performed by the vehicular brake system of the secondembodiment is substantially the same as that of the first embodiment asdescribed above, and, therefore, will not be explained herein.

In the vehicular brake system of the second embodiment, the input piston12 and the pressure piston 13 are coaxially supported in the cylinder 11such that the pistons 12, 13 are movable in the axial direction, and thebrake pedal 14 is coupled to the input piston 12. The two pressurechambers R1, R2 communicate with each other via the communicationpassage 61 formed within the input piston 12, and a control oil pressurecan be supplied to the first supply port 29 of the communication passage61. Furthermore, a reaction-force oil pressure can be supplied to thesecond support port 34 of the reaction-force chamber R4, and braking oilpressures can be delivered from the delivery ports 41, 43 of the firstand third pressure chambers R1, R3.

With the above-described arrangement, the ECU 51 causes a control oilpressure to be applied to the first pressure chamber R1 based on thetarget output oil pressure Prt so that a certain braking oil pressure Pris delivered from the first pressure chamber R1 while a certain brakingoil pressure Pf is delivered from the third pressure chamber R3. In thismanner, appropriate braking force commensurate with the operating forceapplied to the brake pedal 14 by the driver can be generated in eachwheel. When the input piston 12 moves forward in response to theoperation of the brake pedal 14, the hydraulic oil in the first pressurechamber R1 flows into the second pressure chamber R2 through thecommunication passage 61, and, therefore, the input piston 12 does notreceive the control oil pressure. The ECU 51 also causes areaction-force oil pressure to be applied to the reaction-force chamberR4 based on the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt, so that thereaction force Pb is transmitted to the brake pedal 14 via the inputpiston 12. Thus, appropriate reaction force corresponding to theoperating force of the brake pedal 14 can be exerted on the driver.

In the vehicular brake system of the second embodiment, thecommunication passage 61 that communicates with the first pressurechamber R1 and the second pressure chamber R2 consists of the first hole61 a formed along the axis of the input piston 12, and the second hole61 b formed in the radial directions of the piston 12 to communicatewith the first hole 61 a. Thus, the communication passage 61 can beformed simply by boring the first hole 61 and second hole 61 b in theinput piston 12, which leads to simplified manufacturing operations orsteps and reduced manufacturing cost.

Third Embodiment

FIG. 5 schematically shows a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a third embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 5, the samereference numerals as used in the previous embodiments are used foridentifying structurally and/or functionally corresponding elements, ofwhich detailed description will not be provided.

In the vehicular brake system of the third embodiment, an input piston12 and a pressure piston 13 are arranged in series and movably supportedin a cylinder 11, and an operating rod 15 of a brake pedal 14 is coupledto the input piston 12, as shown in FIG. 5. The pressure piston 13 isurged by a spring 20 to be held in contact with the input piston 12. Inthe cylinder 11, a first pressure chamber R1 is formed between the inputpiston 12 and the pressure piston 13, and a second pressure chamber R2is formed between a flange 18 of the input piston 12 and a supportmember 17, while a third pressure chamber R3 is formed between thecylinder 11 and the pressure piston 13, and a reaction-force chamber R4is formed between a support member 16 and the flange 18 of the inputpiston 12. The first pressure chamber R1 communicates with the secondpressure chamber R2 via a communication passage 21.

A first oil pressure supply line 28 that extends from an accumulator 27is connected to a first supply port 29 of the communication passage 21,and a first linear valve 30 is disposed in the first oil pressure supplyline 28 while a second linear valve 32 is disposed in a first oilpressure discharge line 31 connected to the first oil pressure supplyline 28. A second oil pressure supply line 72 that extends from anaccumulator 71 having a smaller capacity than the accumulator 27 isconnected to a second supply port 34 of the reaction-force chamber R4,and a relief valve 74 is disposed in a second oil pressure dischargeline 73 that connects the second oil pressure supply line 72 with thefirst oil pressure discharge line 31. A check valve 75, which bypassesthe relief valve 74, is also disposed in the second oil pressuredischarge line 73. In this embodiment, the accumulator 71, second oilpressure supply line 72, second oil pressure discharge line 73 and therelief valve 74 constitute a reaction-force restricting means.

It is to be understood that the reaction-force restricting means is notlimited to the above-described construction or arrangement, but mayconsist of the accumulator 71, second oil pressure supply line 72,second oil pressure discharge line 73 and a solenoid-operated valve 76.

In the meantime, a first discharge port 41 of the second pressurechamber R2 is connected to an ABS 40 via a first oil pressure deliveryline 42, and a second delivery port 43 of the third pressure chamber R3is connected to the ABS 40 via a second oil pressure delivery line 44.Furthermore, first and second discharge ports 45, 46 of the thirdpressure chamber R3 are connected to a reservoir tank 25 via an oilpressure discharge line 47. In the condition where the pressure piston13 is urged by the spring 20 to be held in contact with the input piston12, the first and second discharge ports 45, 46 communicate with eachother with a pair of one-way seals 49 provided therebetween.

When the operating force of the brake pedal 14 causes the input piston12 to move forward and press the pressure piston 13, the hydraulic oilin the first pressure chamber R1 flows into the second pressure chamberR2 through the communication passage 21, and, therefore, the reactionforce does not act on the brake pedal 14. Since the hydraulic oil in thethird pressure chamber R3 flows into the reservoir tank 25 through theoil pressure discharge line 47 until the pressure piston 13 moves by thestroke S0 to shut off the first and second discharge ports 45, 46, theoperating force applied to the input piston 12 is absorbed, and nocontrol oil pressure is generated. When the pressure piston 13 thenmoves by a distance equal to or larger than the stroke S0 to shut offthe first and second discharge ports 45, 46, and a certain control oilpressure is applied to the first pressure chamber R1, the hydraulicpressures in the first and third pressure chambers R1, R3 are raised andbalanced with each other, so that equivalent braking oil pressures Pr,Pf are delivered from the first and third pressure chambers R1, R3.

The brake pedal 14 is provided with a stroke sensor 52, a pedal pressuresensor 53, a pedal pressure switch 54 and a stop lamp switch 55, whichtransmit the results of detection to the ECU 51. The first and secondoil pressure delivery lines 42, 44 are respectively provided with firstand second pressure sensors 56, 57, which transmit the results ofdetection to the ECU 51. Furthermore, a line 26 that extends from theaccumulator 27 is provided with a fourth pressure sensor 59, whichtransmits the result of detection to the ECU 51.

In operation, the ECU 51 sets a target output oil pressure Prt based onthe pedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52, and adjusts theopenings of the first and second linear valves 30, 32. The ECU 51 alsoacquires the braking oil pressure Pr detected by the first pressuresensor 56, and performs feedback control so that the braking oilpressure Pr becomes equal to the target output oil pressure Prt.

In the vehicular brake system of the third embodiment constructed asdescribed above, when the driver depresses the brake pedal 14 and theinput piston 12 moves forward under the operating force of the brakepedal 14, the hydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R1 flows intothe second pressure chamber R2 through the communication passage 21,and, therefore, no reaction force acts on the brake pedal 14. When thepressure piston 13 moves forward along with the input piston 12 upondepression of the brake pedal 14, the hydraulic oil in the thirdpressure chamber R3 flows into the reservoir tank 25 through the firstand second discharge ports 45, 46, and, therefore, no control oilpressure is generated.

When the input piston 12 and the pressure piston 13 further move by adistance equal to or larger than the stroke S0, the ECU 51 sets a targetoutput oil pressure Prt based on the pedal stroke Sp. The ECU 51 thenadjusts the openings of the first and second linear valves 30, 32 basedon the target output oil pressure Prt, and causes a certain control oilpressure to be applied to the first pressure chamber R1. With thecontrol oil pressure thus applied, a certain braking oil pressure Pr isapplied from the first pressure chamber R1 to the first oil pressuredelivery line 42, and a certain braking oil pressure Pf is applied fromthe third pressure chamber R3 to the second oil pressure delivery line44. The braking oil pressures Pr, Pf are then applied to the wheelcylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR, 39RL via the ABS 40, so that braking forcescommensurate with the operating force applied to the brake pedal 14 bythe driver can be generated in the front wheels FR, FL and rear wheelsRR, RL.

The hydraulic pressure of the accumulator 71 is constantly applied tothe reaction-force chamber R4 through the second oil pressure supplyline 72. When the input piston 12 moves in response to the operation ofthe brake pedal 14, the pressure in the reaction-force chamber R4 israised so as to increase the reaction force Pb in the chamber R4. Thereaction force Pb is then transmitted to the brake pedal 14 via theinput piston 12, so that appropriate reaction force commensurate withthe operating force of the brake pedal 14 can be exerted on the driver.

In the case where an abnormality arises in a hydraulic system thatapplies reaction force to the brake pedal 14, the input piston 12directly presses the pressure piston 13 upon depression of the brakepedal 14 by the driver, and certain braking oil pressures Pr, Pf can beapplied to the wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR, 39RL via the ABS 40. Inthis case, the hydraulic oil in the reaction-force chamber R4 isdischarged into the reservoir tank 25 through the second oil pressuresupply line 72 and the relief valve 74 or solenoid-operated valve 76, soas to prevent the brake pedal 14 from being inoperable or from beingoperated with excessively large force.

In the vehicular brake system of the third embodiment, the input piston12 and the pressure piston 13 are coaxially supported in the cylinder 11such that the pistons 12, 13 that are held in contact with each otherare movable in the axial direction, and the brake pedal 14 is coupled tothe input piston 12. The first and second pressure chambers R1, R2communicate with each other through the communication passage 21. Withthis arrangement, a control oil pressure can be supplied to the firstsupply port 29 of the communication passage 21, and a reaction-force oilpressure can be supplied to the second supply port 34 of thereaction-force chamber R4 of the input piston 12, while braking oilpressures can be delivered from the delivery ports 41, 43 of the firstand third pressure chambers R1, R3.

In operation, the ECU 51 causes a control oil pressure to be applied tothe first pressure chamber R1 based on the target output oil pressurePrt, to thereby deliver a certain braking oil pressure Pr from the firstpressure chamber R1 and deliver a certain braking oil pressure Pf fromthe third pressure chamber R3, so that appropriate braking forcecommensurate with the operating force applied to the brake pedal 14 bythe driver can be generated in each wheel. When the input piston 12moves forward in response to the operation of the brake pedal 14, thehydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R1 flows into the secondpressure chamber R2 via the communication passage 21, and, therefore,the input piston 12 does not receive the control oil pressure. The ECU51 also causes a certain reaction-force oil pressure to be applied tothe reaction-force chamber R4 based on the target reaction-force oilpressure Pvt, so as to transmit reaction force Pb to the brake pedal 14via the input piston 12. Thus, appropriate reaction force commensuratewith the operating force of the brake pedal 14 can be exerted on thedriver.

In the vehicular brake system of the third embodiment in which the inputpiston 12 and the pressure piston 13 are held in contact with eachother, when the input piston 12 and the pressure piston 13 move forwarddue to the operating force of the brake pedal 14, the hydraulic oil inthe third pressure chamber R3 is discharged into the reservoir tank 25until the pressure piston 13 moves by the stroke S0 to shut off thefirst and second discharge ports 45, 46.

Since the hydraulic oil in the third pressure chamber R3 is dischargedinto the reservoir tank 25 during a period from the depression of thebrake pedal 14 by the driver to the time when the input piston 12 andpressure piston 13 move by a distance equal to or larger than the strokeS0, no braking oil pressure is produced during this period, and reactionforce corresponding to the braking oil pressure can be prevented frombeing transmitted from the input piston 12 to the brake pedal 14.

Fourth Embodiment

FIG. 6 schematically shows a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a fourth embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 6, the samereference numerals as used in the previous embodiments are used foridentifying structurally and/or functionally corresponding elements, ofwhich detailed description will not be provided.

In the vehicular brake system of the fourth embodiment, an input piston82 and a pressure piston 83 are coaxially arranged in a cylinder 81 suchthat the input piston 82 is partially received in the pressure piston 83and the input piston 82 and the pressure piston 83 are movable in theaxial direction, as shown in FIG. 6. An operating rod 15 of a brakepedal 14 is coupled to the input piston 82. A support member 84 ispress-fitted or screwed in the cylinder 81 such that the outercircumferential surface of the support member 84 is fixed to the innercircumferential surface of the cylinder 81. The input piston 82 ismovably supported by the support member 84, and the axial movement ofthe input piston 82 is limited (i.e., the stroke of the input piston 82is determined) by abutting contact of its flange 85 with a case 86 thatis secured to the cylinder 81. The flange 85 of the input piston 82 isurged by a reaction-force spring 87 mounted between the support member84 and the case 86 to be held in contact with the case 86.

A support member 88 is press-fitted or screwed in the cylinder 81 suchthat the outer circumferential surface of the support member 88 is fixedto the inner circumferential surface of the cylinder 81. The pressurepiston 83 is movably supported by the support member 88, and its flange89 is movably supported by the inner circumferential surface of thecylinder 81. The pressure piston 83 has a hollow portion 90 in which adistal end portion of the input piston 82 is received. The axialmovement of the pressure piston 83 is limited (i.e., the stroke of thepressure piston 83 is determined) by abutting contact of its distal endportion with the cylinder 81 and abutting contact of the Range 89 withthe support member 84. The pressure piston 83 is urged by a spring 91mounted between the piston 83 and the cylinder 81 to be held in contactwith the support member 84. With this arrangement, the distal end faceof the input piston 82 and the bottom face of the hollow portion 90 ofthe pressure piston 83 are held apart from each other by a predeterminedspacing (stroke) S0. When the input piston 82 moves forward by thepredetermined stroke S0 in response to the operation of the brake pedal14 by the driver, the input piston 82 abuts on the pressure piston 83and presses the same piston 83.

In the cylinder 81, a first pressure chamber R11 is formed between theinput piston 82 and the pressure piston 83, and a second pressurechamber R12 is formed between the flange 89 of the pressure piston 83and the support member 84, while a third pressure chamber R13 is formedbetween the cylinder 81 and the pressure piston 83, and a fourthpressure chamber R14 is formed between the support member 88 and theflange 89 of the pressure piston 83. The first pressure chamber R11communicates with the fourth pressure chamber R14 via a through hole 92.

A first oil pressure supply line 28 that extends from an accumulator 27is connected to a supply port 93 of the second pressure chamber R12, anda first linear valve 30 is disposed in the first oil pressure supplyline 28 while a second linear valve 32 is disposed in a first oilpressure discharge line 31 connected to the first oil pressure supplyline 28. A first delivery port 94 of the second pressure chamber R12 isconnected to an ABS 40 via a first oil pressure delivery line 42 so thathydraulic pressure can be supplied to the wheel cylinders 39RR, 39RL ofthe rear wheels RR, RL. A second delivery port 95 of the third pressurechamber R13 is connected to the ABS 40 via a second oil pressuredelivery line 44 so that hydraulic pressure can be supplied to the wheelcylinders 39FR, 39FL of the front wheels FR, FL. Furthermore, adischarge port 96 of the third pressure chamber R13 is connected to areservoir tank 25 via an oil pressure discharge line 47.

O rings 97 and one-way seals 98 for preventing leakage of the hydraulicoil are mounted in appropriate portions of the cylinder 81, input piston82, pressure piston 83 and other components.

The brake pedal 14 is provided with a stroke sensor 52, a pedal pressuresensor 53, a pedal pressure switch 54, and a stop lamp switch 55, whichtransmit the results of detection to an ECU 51. The first and second oilpressure delivery lines 42, 44 are respectively provided with first andsecond pressure sensors 56, 57, which transmit the results of detectionto the ECU 51. Furthermore, a line 26 that extends from the accumulator27 is provided with a fourth pressure sensor 59, which transmits theresult of detection to the ECU 51.

In the vehicular brake system of the fourth embodiment constructed asdescribed above, the ECU 51 sets a target output oil pressure Prt basedon the pedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52, and adjusts theopenings of the first and second linear valves 30, 32. The ECU 51 alsoacquires the braking oil pressure Pr detected by the first pressuresensor 56, and performs feedback control so that the braking oilpressure Pr becomes equal to the target output oil pressure Prt. In thismanner, the brake system is able to generate a braking oil pressure inaccordance with the amount of operation of the brake pedal 14 receivedby the input piston 82.

The brake system of the fourth embodiment includes an operating forceabsorbing means for absorbing the operating force applied from the brakepedal 14 to the input piston 82, and preventing the pressing force(i.e., the operating force) from being transmitted to the pressurepiston 83 and from being applied as reaction force to the brake pedal14. In this embodiment, the operating force absorbing means consists ofthe first pressure chamber R11, through hole 92 and the discharge port96, and the first pressure-receiving area A12 of the distal end face ofthe input piston 82 that receives the hydraulic pressure of the firstpressure chamber R11 and the second pressure-receiving area A13 of theflange 89 of the pressure piston 83 that receives the hydraulic pressureof the second pressure chamber R12 are set to be equal to each otherwith respect to the cross-sectional area A11 of the bore of the cylinder81. Upon occurrence of an abnormality, the operating force applied fromthe brake pedal 14 causes the input piston 82 to directly press thepressure piston 83, to thereby produce braking oil pressures.

More specifically, when the driver depresses the brake pedal 14, theinput piston 82 moves forward due to the operating force applied to thebrake pedal 14. At this time, the input piston 82 does not directlypress the pressure piston 83 since the predetermined spacing S0 isprovided between the input piston 82 and the pressure piston 88, and thehydraulic oil of the first pressure chamber R1 flows into the fourthpressure chamber R14 through the through hole 92, and is then dischargedinto the reservoir tank 25 through the discharge port 96 and the oilpressure discharge line 47. As a result, the input piston 82 is broughtinto a free condition, and the hydraulic oil in the first pressurechamber R11 does not cause reaction force to be applied to the brakepedal 14 via the input piston 82.

When the input piston 82 moves forward in response to the operatingforce of the brake pedal 14, and a certain control oil pressure isapplied to the second pressure chamber R12, the pressure piston 83 movesforward to shut off the discharge port 96, to thereby raise the pressurein the third pressure chamber R13. By balancing the hydraulic pressureof the third pressure chamber R13 with the control oil pressure appliedto the second pressure chamber R12, the braking oil pressures Pr, Pfdelivered from these pressure chambers R12, R13 are made substantiallyequal to each other.

In the case where an abnormality arises in a hydraulic system thatapplies reaction force to the brake pedal 14, the input piston 82 movesforward by the predetermined stroke S0 upon depression of the brakepedal 14 by the driver, and then the distal end portion of the inputpiston 82 directly presses the pressure piston 83 so that certainbraking oil pressures Pr, Pf are applied to the wheel cylinders 39FR,39FL, 39RR and 39RL via the ABS 40.

In the vehicular brake system of the fourth embodiment, the input piston82 and the pressure piston 83 are axially movably supported in thecylinder 81 such that the input piston 82 is partially received in thepressure piston 83, and the brake pedal 14 is coupled to the inputpiston 82. With this arrangement, a control oil pressure can be suppliedto the first supply port 93 of the second pressure chamber R12, and thehydraulic oil of the first pressure chamber R11 can be discharged fromthe discharge port 96 via the through hole 92 and the fourth pressurechamber R14, while braking oil pressures can be delivered from thedelivery ports 94, 95 of the second and third pressure chambers R12,R13.

In operation, the ECU 51 sets a target output oil pressure Prt inaccordance with the pedal stroke Sp, and applies a control oil pressureto the second pressure chamber R12 based on the target output oilpressure Prt so that a certain braking oil pressure Pr is delivered fromthe second pressure chamber R12 to the first oil pressure delivery line42 while a certain braking oil pressure Pf is delivered from the thirdpressure chamber R13 to the second oil pressure delivery line 44. Thebraking oil pressures Pr, Pf are applied to the respective wheelcylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR, 39RL via the ABS 40, so that appropriatebraking forces corresponding to the operating force applied to the brakepedal 14 by the driver can be generated in the front wheels FR, FL andrear wheels RP, PL.

When the input piston 82 moves forward in response to the operation ofthe brake pedal 14, the hydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R11is discharged from the discharge port 96 through the through hole 92 andthe fourth pressure chamber R14, whereby the input piston 82 does notreceive the control oil pressure. In this condition, the input piston 82transmits the spring force of the reaction-force spring 87 as reactionforce to the brake pedal 14, so that appropriate reaction forcecommensurate with the operating force of the brake pedal 14 can beexerted on the driver.

Upon occurrence of an abnormality, the input piston 82 directly pressesthe pressure piston 83 depending upon the amount of operation of thebrake pedal 14 by the driver, so as to generate braking oil pressures,thus assuring improved safety.

As described above, the brake system of the fourth embodiment is able tosurely produce braking oil pressures in accordance with the amount ofoperation of the brake pedal 14 by the driver, and is also able toappropriately exert reaction force commensurate with the operating forceof the brake pedal 14 on the driver. While the brake system of thisembodiment is simple in construction, owing to its simplified hydraulicsystem or oil channels, and can be manufactured at reduced cost, thebrake system is capable of performing appropriate braking force controland reaction force control, as described above.

In the vehicular brake system of the fourth embodiment, the input piston82 and the pressure piston 83 are axially movably supported in thecylinder 81 such that the input piston 82 is partially received in thepressure piston 83. Also, the brake system is adapted to absorb theoperating force of the brake pedal 14 by discharging the hydraulic oilin the first pressure chamber R11 from the discharge port 96 via thethrough hole 92 and the fourth pressure chamber R14. The abovearrangement in which the input piston 82 is constantly received in thepressure piston 83 make it possible to reduce the overall length of thecylinder 81 and the size of the whole system. In addition, thearrangement in which the input piston 82 is constantly held in contactwith the pressure piston 83 prevents occurrence of the sound ofcollision therebetween.

Fifth Embodiment

FIG. 7 schematically shows a vehicular brake system constructedaccording to a fifth embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 7, the samereference numerals as used in the previous embodiments are used foridentifying structurally and/or functionally corresponding elements, ofwhich detailed description will not be provided.

In the vehicular brake system of the fifth embodiment, an input piston102 and a pressure piston 103 are coaxially arranged in a cylinder 101such that the pressure piston 103 is partially received in the inputpiston 102, and the input piston 102 and the pressure piston 103 aremovable in the axial direction, as shown in FIG. 7. An operating rod 15of a brake pedal 14 is coupled to the input piston 102. The input piston102 is movably supported at its outer circumferential surface by theinner circumferential surface of the cylinder 101. The axial movement ofthe input piston 102 is limited (i.e., the stroke of the input piston102 is determined) by abutting contact of the input piston 102 with asupport member 104 fixed to the cylinder 101. The input piston 102 isurged by a reaction-force spring 87 mounted between the support member104 and a case 86 to be held in contact with the support member 104.

The pressure piston 103 has a flange 105 that is movably supported bythe inner circumferential surface of the cylinder 101. The input piston102 has a hollow portion 106 in which the proximal end portion of thepressure piston 103 is received. The axial movement of the pressurepiston 103 is limited (i.e., the stroke of the pressure piston 103 isdetermined) by abutting contact of its distal end face with the cylinder101 and abutting contact of its flange 105 with a support member 107fixed to the cylinder 101. The pressure piston 103 is urged by a spring108 mounted between the piston 103 and the cylinder 101 toward theposition where the flange 105 is held in contact with the support member107. With this arrangement, the bottom face of the hollow portion 106 ofthe input piston 102 is held apart from the proximal end face of thepressure piston 103 by a predetermined spacing (stroke) S0. When thedriver operates the brake pedal 14, the input piston 102 moves forwardby the stroke S0 to abut on the pressure piston 103, and then pressesthe same piston 103.

In the cylinder 101, a first pressure chamber R21 is formed between theinput piston 102 and the pressure piston 103, and a second pressurechamber R22 is formed between the input piston 102 and the supportmember 107, while a third pressure chamber R23 is formed between thecylinder 101 and the pressure piston 103.

A first oil pressure supply line 28 that extends from an accumulator 27is connected to first and second supply ports 109, 110 that lead to thefirst pressure chamber R21, and a first linear valve 30 is disposed inthe first oil pressure supply line 28 while a second linear valve 32 isdisposed in a first oil pressure discharge line 31 connected to thefirst oil pressure supply line 28, First and second delivery ports 111,112 of the first pressure chamber R21 are connected to an ABS 40 via afirst oil pressure delivery line 42, such that hydraulic pressure can besupplied to the wheel cylinders 39RR, 39RL of the rear wheels RR, RL. Athird delivery port 113 of the third pressure chamber R23 is connectedto the ABS 40 via a second oil pressure delivery line 44, such thathydraulic pressure can be supplied to the wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL ofthe front wheels FR, FL. Furthermore, an idle port 117 that communicatesthe second pressure chamber R22 with the third pressure chamber R23 isformed in the pressure piston 103, and a discharge port 114 of thesecond pressure chamber R22 is connected to a reservoir tank 25 via anoil pressure discharge line 47.

O rings 115 and one-way seals 116 for preventing leakage of thehydraulic oil are mounted in appropriate portions of the cylinder 101,input piston 102, pressure piston 103 and other components.

The brake pedal 14 is provided with a stroke sensor 52, a pedal pressuresensor 53, a pedal pressure switch 54, and a stop lamp switch 55, whichtransmit the results of detection to an ECU 51. The first and second oilpressure delivery lines 42, 44 are respectively provided with first andsecond pressure sensors 56, 57, which transmit the results of detectionto the ECU 51. Furthermore, a line 26 that extends from the accumulator27 is provided with a fourth pressure sensor 59, which transmits theresult of detection to the ECU 51.

In the vehicular brake system of the fifth embodiment constructed asdescribed above, the ECU 51 sets a target output oil pressure Prt basedon the pedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52, and adjusts theopenings of the first and second linear valves 30, 32. The ECU 51 alsoacquires the braking oil pressure Pr detected by the first pressuresensor 56, and performs feedback control so that the braking oilpressure Pr becomes equal to the target output oil pressure Prt. In thismanner, the brake system is able to generate braking oil pressures inaccordance with the amount of operation of the brake pedal 14 receivedby the input piston 102.

The brake system of the fifth embodiment includes an operating forceabsorbing means for absorbing the operating force applied from the brakepedal 14 to the input piston 102, and preventing the pressing force(i.e., the operating force) from being transmitted to the pressurepiston 103 and from acting on the brake pedal 14 as reaction force. Inthis embodiment, the operating force absorbing means consists of thesecond pressure chamber R22 and the discharge port 114, and the firstpressure-receiving area A22 of the distal end face of the input piston102 that receives the hydraulic pressure of the second pressure chamberR22 and the second pressure-receiving area A23 of the proximal end faceof the pressure piston 103 that receives the hydraulic pressure of thefirst pressure chamber R21 are set to be equal to each other withrespect to the cross-sectional area A21 of the bore of the cylinder 101.Upon occurrence of an abnormality, the operating force applied from thebrake pedal 14 causes the input piston 102 to directly press thepressure piston 103, to thereby generate braking oil pressures.

More specifically, when the driver depresses the brake pedal 14, theinput piston 102 moves forward in response to the operating force of thebrake pedal 14. At this time, the input piston 102 does not directlypress the pressure piston 103 since the predetermined spacing S0 isprovided between the input piston 102 and the pressure piston 103. Withthe input piston 102 thus advanced, the hydraulic oil in the secondpressure chamber R22 is discharged into the reservoir tank 25 throughthe discharge port 114 and the oil pressure discharge line 47, and thehydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R21 is discharged into thereservoir tank 25 through the supply ports 109, 110 and the first oilpressure discharge line 31. Thus, the input piston 102 is brought into afree condition, and the hydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R21does not cause reaction force to be applied to the brake pedal 14 viathe input piston 102. Since the second pressure chamber R22 communicateswith the third pressure chamber R23 through the idle port 117 until theinput piston 102 abuts on and starts pressing the pressure piston 103,the hydraulic oil in the third pressure chamber R23 is also dischargedinto the reservoir tank 25 through the idle port 117 and the oilpressure discharge line 47, and no braking oil pressure is generated.

In the case where an abnormality arises in a hydraulic system thatapplies reaction force to the brake pedal 14, the input piston 102 movesforward by the predetermined stroke S0 upon depression of the brakepedal 14 by the driver, and then the bottom face of the hollow portion106 of the input piston 102 directly presses the pressure piston 103 sothat certain braking oil pressures Pr, Pf are applied to the wheelcylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR and 39RL via the ABS 40.

In the vehicular brake system of the fifth embodiment, the input piston102 and the pressure piston 103 are axially movably supported in thecylinder 101 such that the pressure piston 103 is partially received inthe input piston 102, and the brake pedal 14 is coupled to the inputpiston 102. With this arrangement, a control oil pressure can besupplied to the supply ports 109, 110 of the first pressure chamber R21,and the hydraulic oil in the second pressure chamber R22 can bedischarged from the discharge port 114, while braking oil pressures canbe delivered from the delivery ports 112, 113 of the first and thirdpressure chambers R21, R23.

In operation, the ECU 51 causes a control oil pressure to be applied tothe first pressure chamber R21 based on the target output oil pressurePrt so as to deliver a certain braking oil pressure Pr from the firstpressure chamber R21 and deliver a certain braking oil pressure Pf fromthe third pressure chamber R23. The braking oil pressures Pr, Pf arethen applied to the wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR, 39RL via the ABS40 so that appropriate braking forces commensurate with the operatingforce applied to the brake pedal 14 by the driver can be generated inthe front wheels FR, FL and rear wheels RR, RL.

When the input piston 102 moves forward in response to the operation ofthe brake pedal 14, the hydraulic oil in the second pressure chamber R22is discharged from the discharge port 114, whereby the input piston 102does not receive the control oil pressure. In this condition, the springforce of the reaction-force spring 87 is transmitted as reaction forceto the brake pedal 14 via the input piston 102 so that appropriatereaction force commensurate with the operating force of the brake pedal14 can be exerted on the driver.

Sixth Embodiment

FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B and FIG. 8C are flowcharts illustrating failuredetermination control performed by a vehicular brake system according toa sixth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustratinga control routine for determining a failure of a stroke sensor. FIG. 10is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for determining a failureof a pressure sensor. FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a controlroutine for detecting a failure of linear valves. FIG. 12 is a flowchartillustrating a control routine for determining a failure of a mechanismfor applying reaction force. FIG. 13 is a graph indicating the outputoil pressure and the reaction force with respect to the pedal stroke,which graph is used for explaining determination of a failure of thereaction-force applying mechanism. FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating acontrol routine for determining an abnormality in the braking oilpressure. FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine fordetermining a defect in an oil hydraulic channel leading to the frontwheels. FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine fordetermining a defect in an oil hydraulic channel leading to the rearwheels. FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine fordetermining contact between an input piston and a pressure piston. FIG.18 is a flowchart illustrating a control routine for detecting adifference between the outputs of pressure sensors. FIG. 19 is aflowchart illustrating a control routine for determining an abnormalityin the result of comparison between the outputs of a pedal pressureswitch and a reaction-force pressure sensor. FIG. 20 is a flowchartillustrating a control routine for determining leakage of the hydraulicoil from a first pressure chamber into a reaction-force chamber. FIG. 21is a graph used for explaining setting of the reaction-force oilpressure when a failure of the reaction-force pressure sensor isdetected. FIG. 22 is a graph used for explaining setting of thereaction-force oil pressure when an abnormality is detected in theresult of comparison between the outputs of the pedal pressure switchand the reaction-force pressure sensor. FIG. 23 is a graph used forexplaining setting of the reaction-force oil pressure upon detection ofa defect in the oil hydraulic channel leading to the front wheels. FIG.24 is a graph used for explaining setting of the reaction-force oilpressure upon detection of a defect in the oil hydraulic channel leadingto the rear wheels.

In the sixth embodiment, the overall structure of the vehicular brakesystem is substantially identical with that of the first embodiment asdescribed above. Thus, the sixth embodiment will be described withreference to FIG. 1, and the same reference numerals as used in thefirst embodiment will be used for identifying structurally and/orfunctionally corresponding elements, of which detailed description willnot be provided.

In the braking force control, reaction force control and failuredetermination control of the vehicular brake system of the sixthembodiment, a failure of the stroke sensor 52 that detects the pedalstroke Sp is determined in step S11, and a failure of the third pressuresensor 58 that detects the reaction-force oil pressure Pv supplied tothe reaction-force chamber R4 is determined in step S12, as shown inFIG. 8A. Also, a failure of each of the linear valves 30, 32, 35, 37 isdetected in step S13.

To determine a failure of the stroke sensor 52 in step S11, it isdetermined in step S001 of FIG. 9 whether the output of sensor 1 as thestroke sensor 52 itself and the output of sensor 2 are identical witheach other. If it is determined that the output of sensor 1 is identicalwith the output of sensor 2, it is determined in step S002 that thestroke sensor 52 operates normally. If the output of sensor 1 is notidentical with the output of sensor 2, it is determined in step S003that the stroke sensor 52 is at fault.

To determine a failure of the third pressure sensor 58 in step S12, itis determined in step S011 of FIG. 10 whether the output of sensor 1 asthe third pressure sensor 58 itself and the output of sensor 2 areidentical with each other. If it is determined that the output of sensor1 is identical with the output of sensor 2, it is determined in stepS012 that the third pressure sensor 58 operates normally. If the outputof sensor 1 is not identical with the output of sensor 2, it isdetermined in step S013 that the third pressure sensor 58 is at fault.

To detect a failure or failures of the linear valves 30, 32, 35, 37 instep S13, it is determined in step S021 whether the vehicle is at rest,namely, the vehicle is in a stopped state, and it is determined in stepS022 whether the brake system is in operation, as shown in FIG. 11. Morespecifically, the ECU 51 determines whether the vehicle is at rest,based on the result of detection of the wheel speed sensor 60, anddetermines whether the brake system is in operation, based on the ON/OFFsignal of the stop lamp switch 55. If it is determines in step S021 thatthe vehicle is not at rest, or it is determined in step S022 that thebrake system is in operation, the current cycle of the control routineof FIG. 11 is finished. If i is determined in step S021 that the vehicleis at rest and it is determined in step S022 that the brake system isnot in operation, step S023 and subsequent steps are executed to detecta failure(s) of the third and fourth linear valves 35, 37.

In step S023, the third linear valve 35 is opened and the fourth linearvalve 37 is closed so as to raise the reaction-force oil pressure Pv ofthe reaction-force chamber R4 to a failure check pressure Pcheck. Inthis case, the third linear valve 35 is controlled so that thereaction-force oil pressure Pv detected by the third pressure sensor 58becomes equal to the failure check pressure Pcheck. If thereaction-force oil pressure Pv becomes equal to the failure checkpressure Pcheck, the third linear valve 35 and fourth linear valve 37are closed in step S024 so as to hold the reaction-force oil pressure Pvof the reaction-force chamber R4, and it is determined in step S025whether the amount of change in the pressure is smaller than a specifiedvalue. If the amount of change in the reaction-force oil pressure Pv ofthe reaction-force chamber R4 is smaller than the specified value, it isdetermined in step S026 that the linear valves 35, 37 operate normally.If the amount of change in the reaction-force oil pressure Pv of thereaction-force chamber R4 is equal to or larger than the specifiedvalue, it is determined in step S027 that there is an abnormality in thelinear valves 35, 37, and step S028 is executed to turn on a warninglamp so as to inform the driver of the failure.

While the process for detecting a failure of the third and fourth linearvalves 35, 37 has been explained above with reference to the flowchartof FIG. 11, a failure of the first and second linear valves 30, 32 maybe detected in substantially the same manner.

After the processes for detecting a failure of each of the sensors 52,58 and a failure of each of the linear valves 30, 32, 35, 37 arefinished, the ECU 51 acquires the pedal stroke Sp detected by the strokesensor 52 in step S14, and acquires the braking oil pressure Pr detectedby the first pressure sensor 56, the braking oil pressure Pf detected bythe second pressure sensor 57, and the reaction-force oil pressure Pvdetected by the third pressure sensor 58, as shown in FIG. 8A. Then, theECU 51 acquires the ON/OFF signal of the pedal pressure switch 54 instep S16.

Subsequently, a failure of the reaction-force applying mechanism thatapplies reaction force to the brake pedal 14 is determined in step S17,and an abnormality in the braking oil pressure is determined in stepS18. Then, a defect in the oil hydraulic channel leading to the frontwheels is determined in step S19, and a defect in the oil hydraulicchannel leading to the rear wheels is determined in step S20.

To determine a failure of the reaction-force applying mechanism in stepS17, it is determined in step S031 of FIG. 12 whether the pedal pressureswitch 54 is placed in the ON state, and the current cycle of theroutine of FIG. 12 is finished if the pedal pressure switch 54 is in theOFF state. The pedal pressure switch 54 is switched from OFF to ON whenthe pedal pressure Fp exceeds a predetermined level Fp0. If the pedalpressure L0 switch 54 is turned ON, it is determined in step S032whether the pedal stroke Sp is smaller than the stroke lower limit valueSmin, and it is determined in step S033 whether the pedal stroke Sp islarger than the stroke upper limit value Smax.

If it is determined in step S032 that the pedal stroke Sp is equal to orlarger than the stroke lower limit value Smin, and it is determined instep S033 that the pedal stroke Sp is equal to or smaller than thestroke upper limit value Smax, as is the case with the reaction force Fpindicated by a solid line in FIG. 13, it is determined in step S034 thatthe reaction force is normal. On the other hand, if it is determined instep S032 that the pedal stroke Sp is smaller than the stroke lowerlimit value Smin, as is the case with the reaction force Fp1 indicatedby a dotted line in FIG. 13, or it is determined in step S033 that thepedal stroke Sp is larger than the stroke upper limit value Smax, as isthe case with the reaction force Fp2 indicated by a dotted line in FIG.13, it is determined in step S035 that the reaction force is abnormal,and a warning lamp is turned on to inform the driver of the abnormalityin step S036.

While an abnormality in the reaction force is determined based on thepedal stroke Sp detected when the pedal pressure switch 54 is turned ONin the above-described process for determining a failure of thereaction-force applying mechanism, it may be determined that thereaction force is normal when the pedal pressure Fp detected by thepedal pressure sensor 53 at the pedal stroke S2 is equal to or largerthan the reaction-force lower limit value Fmin and is equal to orsmaller than the reaction-force upper limit value Fmax, as shown in FIG.13.

To determine an abnormality in the braking oil pressure in step S18, itis determined in step S041 whether the braking oil pressure Pr detectedby the first pressure sensor 56 is larger than a value obtained byadding a preset value α1 to the target output oil pressure Prt, and itis determined in step S042 whether the braking oil pressure Pr issmaller than a value obtained by subtracting a present value α1 from thetarget output oil pressure Prt, as shown in FIG. 14. If it is determinedin step S041 that the braking oil pressure Pr is equal to or smallerthan the value obtained by adding the preset value α1 to the targetoutput oil pressure Prt, and it is determined in step S042 that thebraking oil pressure Pr is equal to or larger than the value obtained bysubtracting the preset value α1 from the target output oil pressure Prt,it is determined in step S043 that the braking oil pressure is normal.On the other hand, if it is determined in step S041 that the braking oilpressure Pr is larger than the value obtained by adding the preset valueα1 to the target output oil pressure Prt, or it is determined in stepS042 that the braking oil pressure Pr is smaller than the value obtainedby subtracting the preset value α1 from the target output oil pressurePrt, it is determined in step S044 that the braking oil pressure isabnormal, and a warning lamp is turned on to inform the driver of theabnormality in step S045.

To determine a defect in the oil hydraulic channel leading to the frontwheels in step S19, it is determined in step S051 of FIG. 15 whether thebraking oil pressure Pf detected by the second pressure sensor 57 issmaller than a value obtained by subtracting a preset value α2 from thebraking oil pressure Pr detected by the first pressure sensor 56. If itis determined that the braking oil pressure Pf is smaller than the valueobtained by subtracting the preset value α2 from the braking oilpressure Pr, it is determined in step S052 that there is a defect in theoil hydraulic channel that leads to the front wheels. Namely, when adefect arises in the oil hydraulic channel that extends from the thirdpressure chamber R3 to the ABS 40 via the second oil pressure deliveryline 44, the braking oil pressure Pf is reduced. The reduction of thebraking oil pressure Pf, which indicates a defect in the oil hydraulicchannel leading to the front wheels, can be detected by comparing thebraking oil pressure Pf with the braking oil pressure Pr.

To determine a defect in the oil hydraulic channel leading to the rearwheels in step S20, it is determined in step S061 of FIG. 16 whether thebraking oil pressure Pr detected by the first pressure sensor 56 issmaller than a value obtained by subtracting a preset value α3 from thebraking oil pressure Pf. If it is determined that the braking oilpressure Pr is smaller than the value obtained by subtracting the presetvalue α3 from the braking oil pressure Pf, it is determined in step S062that there is a defect in the oil hydraulic channel that leads to therear wheels. Namely, when a defect arises in the oil hydraulic channelthat extends from the first pressure chamber R1 to the ABS 40 via thefirst oil pressure delivery line 42, the braking oil pressure Pr isreduced. The reduction of the braking oil pressure Pr, which indicates adefect in the oil hydraulic channel leading to the rear wheels, can bedetected by comparing the braking oil pressure Pr with the braking oilpressure Pf.

As shown in FIG. 8A, contact between the input piston 12 and thepressure piston 13 is determined in step S21, and a difference betweenthe outputs of the first and second pressure sensors 56, 57 isdetermined in step S22. Also, an abnormality in the result of comparisonbetween the outputs of the pedal pressure switch 54 and the thirdpressure sensor 58 is determined in step S23, and leakage of thehydraulic oil from the first pressure chamber R1 into the reaction-forcechamber R4 is determined in step S24.

To determine contact between the input piston 12 and the pressure piston13 in step S21, it is determined in step S071 of FIG. 17 whether thepedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52 is smaller than theinitial stroke S0 (i.e., the spacing between the input piston 12 and thepressure piston 13). If it is determined in step S071 that the pedalstroke Sp is smaller than the initial stroke S0, it is determined instep S072 that the pistons 12, 13 are not in contact with each other. Ifthe pedal stroke Sp is equal to or larger than the initial stroke S0, itis determined in step S073 that the pistons 12, 13 may be in contactwith each other.

To determine a difference between the outputs of the first and secondpressure sensors 56, 57 in step S22, it is determined in step S081 ofFIG. 18 whether the hydraulic pressures of the two delivery lines, i.e.,the braking oil pressure Pr and the braking oil pressure Pf, are equalto each other, and are equal to or larger than a predetermined pressurelevel. It is also determined in step S081 whether the pistons 12, 13 arespaced apart from each other (i.e., the pistons 12, 13 are not incontact with each other), based on the result of determination in stepS21. If the braking oil pressure Pr and the braking oil pressure Pf areequal to each other, and are equal to or larger than the predeterminedlevel, and the pistons 12, 13 are not in contact with each other, it isdetermined in step S082 that the first and second pressure sensors 56,57 operate normally. On the other hand, if the braking oil pressure Prand the braking oil pressure Pf are not equal to each other, or arelower than the predetermined level, or the pistons 12, 13 are in contactwith each other, it is determined in step S083 whether there is adifference between the braking oil pressure Pr and the braking oilpressure Pf and whether the pistons 12, 13 are spaced apart from eachother (i.e., the pistons 12, 13 are not in contact with each other). Ifthere is a difference between the braking oil pressure Pr and thebraking oil pressure Pf and the pistons 12, 13 are not in contact witheach other, it is determined in step S084 that there is an abnormalityin the first and second pressure sensors 56, 57, and a warning lamp isturned on to inform the driver of the abnormality in step S085.

To determine an abnormality in the result of comparison between theoutputs of the pedal pressure switch 54 and the third pressure sensor 58in step S23, it is determined in step S091 whether the pedal pressureswitch 54 is placed in the ON state, as shown in FIG. 19. If the pedalpressure switch 54 is in the OFF state, the current cycle of the routineof FIG. 19 is finished. The pedal pressure switch 54 is switched fromOFF to ON when the pedal pressure Fp exceeds a predetermined pedalpressure Fp0. When the pedal pressure switch 54 is turned ON, namely,when a certain pedal pressure Fp appears, it is determined in step S092whether the value obtained by adding the spring force (k0×A3) to thereaction-force oil pressure Pv detected by the third pressure sensor 58is larger than the lower limit value Fmin of the pedal pressure Fp andis smaller than the upper limit value Fmax, namely, whether thereaction-force oil pressure Pv is within a predetermined range. If thereaction-force oil pressure is within the predetermined range, it isdetermined in step S093 that the relationship between the outputs of thepedal pressure switch 54 and the third pressure sensor 58 is normal. Ifthe reaction-force oil pressure Pv is not within the predeterminedrange, it is determined in step S094 that the relationship between theoutputs of the pedal pressure switch 54 and the third pressure sensor 58is abnormal.

To determine leakage of the hydraulic oil from the first pressurechamber R1 into the reaction-force chamber R4 in step S24, it isdetermined in step S101 of FIG. 20 whether the opening of the fourthlinear valve 37 used for reaction-force control is large (namely, thecurrent value is small because the fourth linear valve 37 is normallyopen). If the opening of the fourth linear valve 37 is not large, it isdetermined in step S102 that there is no leakage of the hydraulic oilfrom the first pressure chamber R1 into the reaction-force chamber R4.If it is determined in step S101 that the opening of the fourth linearvalve 37 is large, on the other hand, it is determined in step S103whether the opening of the first linear valve 30 used for braking oilpressure control is large (the current value is large because the firstlinear valve 30 is normally closed). If the opening of the first linearvalve 30 is large, it is determined in step S104 that there is leakageof the hydraulic oil from the first pressure chamber R1 into thereaction-force chamber R4.

If there is leakage of the hydraulic oil from the first pressure chamberR1 into the reaction-force chamber R4, the hydraulic pressure of thereaction-force chamber R4 is raised to be higher than the targetreaction-force oil pressure Pvt, and, therefore, the opening of thefourth linear valve 37 needs to be increased. If the hydraulic oil inthe first pressure chamber R1 flows into the reaction-force chamber R4,the pressure of the first pressure chamber R1 is reduced, and theopening of the first linear valve 30 is increased. Thus, leakage of thehydraulic oil from the first pressure chamber R1 into the reaction-forcechamber R4 can be detected based on the opening of the fourth linearvalve 37 and the opening of the first linear valve 30.

If various types of failures or abnormalities are determined in themanners as described above, various measures as explained below aretaken against the respective failures. As shown in FIG. 8B, it isdetermined in step S25 whether the third pressure sensor 58 is at fault,based on the result of determination in the above-described step S12. Ifthe third pressure sensor 58 operates normally, the ECU 51 proceeds tostep S26. In step S26, it is determined whether the relationship betweenthe outputs of the pedal pressure switch 54 and the third pressuresensor 58 is abnormal, based on the result of determination in step S23.If the relationship is normal, the ECU 51 proceeds to step S27. In stepS27, it is determined whether the stroke sensor 52 is at fault, based onthe result of determination in step S11. If the stroke sensor 52operates normally, the ECU 51 proceeds to step S28. In step S28, it isdetermined whether there is leakage of the hydraulic oil from the firstpressure chamber R1 into the reaction-force chamber R4, based on theresult of determination in step S24. If there is no leakage, the ECU 51proceeds to step S29.

In step S29, the ECU 51 calculates a target output oil pressure Prt byusing a map that is set in advance based on the pedal stroke Sp detectedby the stroke sensor 52.

If it is determined in step S25 that the third pressure sensor 58 is atfault, the ECU 51 proceeds to step S30. When the third pressure sensor58 is at fault, the actual reaction-force oil pressure Pv cannot becontrolled in a feedback manner with respect to the targetreaction-force oil pressure Pvt, and therefore, the targetreaction-force oil pressure Pvt is calculated based on the pedalpressure Fp detected by the pedal pressure sensor 53. As shown in FIG.21, while the input piston 12 and the pressure piston 13 are not incontact with each other in the initial period of the operation of thebrake pedal 14, the input piston 12 is brought into contact with thepressure piston 13 when the pedal stroke Sp becomes equal to the initialstroke S0, and the pedal pressure Fp is generated. Accordingly, the ECU51 sets the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt based on the pedalpressure Fp generated after the input piston 12 contacts with thepressure piston 13. In this case, the upper limit value Pvmax isprovided for restricting an increase of the reaction force due to asudden or abrupt operation of the brake pedal 14.

If it is determined in step S26 that the relationship between theoutputs of the pedal pressure switch 54 (or pedal pressure sensor 53)and the third pressure sensor 58 is abnormal, the ECU 51 proceeds tostep S31. When the relationship between the outputs of the pedalpressure switch 54 and the third pressure sensor 58 is abnormal, theactual reaction-force oil pressure Pv cannot be controlled in a feedbackmanner with respect to the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt, andthe target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt cannot be calculated based onthe pedal pressure Fp detected by the pedal pressure sensor 53.Accordingly, the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt is calculatedbased on the braking oil pressure Pr produced after the input piston 12contacts with the pressure piston 13. In this case, the upper limitvalue θmax of the slope of the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvtand the upper limit value Pvmax are provided, as shown in the map ofFIG. 22.

If it is determined in step S27 that the stroke sensor 52 is at fault,the ECU 51 proceeds to step S32. When the stroke sensor 52 is at fault,the ECU 51 cannot calculate the target output oil pressure Prt based onthe pedal stroke Sp detected by the stroke sensor 52. In this case, theECU 51 sets the target output oil pressure Prt by subtracting apredetermined value ΔP from the braking oil pressure Pf detected by thesecond pressure sensor 57. In this connection, the braking oil pressurePr may be set to be equal to the braking oil pressure Pf. In this case,however, the pressure piston 13 is automatically advanced under servocontrol, which may make the driver uncomfortable. Thus, the targetoutput pressure Prt is set to a value that is smaller than Pf by ΔP (apressure which may arise from errors in the sensors, or the like).

If it is determined in step S28 that there is leakage of the hydraulicoil from the first pressure chamber R1 into the reaction-force chamberR4, the ECU 51 proceeds to step S33. When there is leakage of thehydraulic oil from the first pressure chamber R1 into the reaction-forcechamber R4, the hydraulic oil in the first pressure chamber R1 isdischarged into the reservoir tank 25 through the reaction-force chamberR4 and the second oil pressure discharge line 36. In this case,therefore, the fourth linear valve 37 is closed, and the target outputoil pressure Prt is calculated by using a suitable map, based on thepedal pressure Fp detected by the pedal pressure sensor 53.

In step S34, it is determined whether a defect in the hydraulic systemfor supplying the braking oil pressures is detected, based on the resultof determination on a defect in the oil hydraulic channel leading to thefront wheels in step S19 and the result of determination on a defect inthe oil hydraulic channel leading to the rear wheels in step S20. If nodefect is detected in the hydraulic system, the target reaction-forceoil pressure Pvt is calculated in step S35, using a map that is set inadvance based on the pedal stroke Sp. Alternatively, the targetreaction-force oil pressure Pv may be set based on the braking oilpressure Pr detected by the first pressure sensor 56, from therelationship between the braking oil pressures Pf, Pr.

If a defect is detected in the hydraulic system in step S34, the ECU 51proceeds to step S36. Since the braking oil pressure Pf is reducedrelative to the braking oil pressure Pr when a defect arises in the oilhydraulic channel through which the braking oil pressure is applied tothe front wheels, the defect in the oil hydraulic channel leading to thefront wheels is detected based on a difference between the braking oilpressures Pr and Pf, as shown in FIG. 23. When a defect arises in theoil hydraulic channel leading to the front wheels, the braking devicesof only the rear wheels operate to produce braking force, and the totalbraking force of the vehicle is reduced to some extent. In this case,therefore, the target reaction-force oil pressure Pvt is set to arelatively low level so that the reaction force matches the decelerationof the vehicle. On the other hand, since the braking oil pressure Pr isreduced relative to the target output oil pressure Prt when a defectarises in the oil hydraulic channel through which the braking oilpressure is applied to the rear wheels, the detect in the oil hydraulicchannel leading to the rear wheels is detected based on a differencebetween the oil pressures Prt and Pr, as shown in FIG. 24. When a defectarises in the oil hydraulic channel leading to the rear wheels, thebraking devices of only the front wheels operate to produce brakingforce, and the total braking force of the vehicle is reduced to someextent. In this case, therefore, the target reaction-force oil pressurePvt is set to a relatively low level so that the reaction force matchesthe deceleration of the vehicle.

Once the target output oil pressure Prt and the target reaction-forceoil pressure Pvt are set or calculated in the manners as describedabove, the ECU 51 proceeds to step S37 to adjust the openings of thefirst and second linear valves 30, 32 based on the calculated targetoutput oil pressure Prt, and adjust the openings of the third and fourthlinear valves 35, 37 based on the calculated target reaction-force oilpressure Pvt. Then, the braking oil pressure Pr is delivered from thefirst pressure chamber R1, and the braking oil pressure Pf is deliveredfrom the third pressure chamber R3. The braking oil pressures Pr, Pf areapplied to the respective wheel cylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR and 39RL viathe ABS 40, so that appropriate braking forces commensurate with theoperating force applied to the brake pedal 14 by the driver aregenerated in the front wheels FR, FL and rear wheels RR, RL.Furthermore, appropriate reaction force commensurate with the operatingforce of the brake pedal 14 is exerted on the driver.

The braking force control and reaction force control, which arehydraulic controls, cannot be performed when a failure of any one of thelinear valves 30, 32, 35, 37 is detected in step S13, or when a failureof the reaction-force applying mechanism is detected in step S17, orwhen an abnormality in the braking oil pressure is detected in step S18.or when a difference between the outputs of the first and secondpressure sensors 56, 57 is found in step S22. In these cases, theoperating force applied to the brake pedal 14 by the driver is directlytransmitted from the input piston 12 to the pressure piston 13 so as toproduce braking oil pressures Pf, Pr, which in turn drive the wheelscylinders 39FR, 39FL, 39RR, 39RL via the ABS 40 so as to apply brakingforces to the front wheels FR, FL and rear wheels RR, RL.

While the control processes for detecting failures or abnormalitiesassociated with the vehicular brake system of the first embodiment havebeen explained in detail in the sixth embodiment, the failure detectioncontrol of this embodiment may be equally applied to the vehicular brakesystems of the second through fifth embodiments, to yield substantiallythe same effects.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As described above, the vehicular brake system according to theinvention is able to generate braking oil pressure in accordance withthe amount of operation of an operating device (e.g., brake pedal), andis also able to absorb the operating force of the brake pedal and exertreaction force commensurate with the amount of operation on theoperating device. Thus, the vehicular brake system of the invention maybe favorably applied to any type of brake system.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A vehicular brake system comprising: (a) aninput piston that is supported in a cylinder to be movable in an axialdirection of the cylinder, (b) an operating device coupled to the inputpiston, (c) a pressure piston that is disposed coaxially with the inputpiston and is supported in the cylinder to be movable in the axialdirection, (d) control oil pressure setting means for setting a controloil pressure in accordance with an amount of operation of the operatingdevice which is received by the input piston, (e) oil pressure supplyingmeans for applying the control oil pressure set by the control oilpressure setting means to the pressure piston so as to generate abraking oil pressure being directly applied to a wheel cylinder, and (f)operating force absorbing means for absorbing operating force appliedfrom the operating device to the input piston, wherein the pressurepiston is supported in the cylinder to be movable in the axial directionsuch that the pressure piston can be pressed directly by the inputpiston, wherein the oil pressure supplying means applies the control oilpressure set by the control oil pressure setting means to a firstpressure chamber located on one side of the input piston as viewed inthe direction of movement of the input piston or a second pressurechamber located on the other side of the input piston so as to generatethe braking oil pressure, and wherein the operating force absorbingmeans includes a communication passage that allows a hydraulic oil toflow between the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamberso as to absorb operating force applied from the operating device whenthe input piston moves in response to the operating force.
 2. Avehicular brake system as defined in claim 1, wherein the communicationpassage is formed through the input piston along a longitudinal axis ofthe input piston.
 3. A vehicular brake system as defined in claim 1,wherein each of the communication passage and delivery passages throughwhich the braking oil pressure is delivered comprises an orifice.
 4. Avehicular brake system as defined in claim 1, wherein a firstpressure-receiving area of the input piston which receives a hydraulicpressure of the first pressure chamber and a second pressure-receivingarea of the input piston which receives a hydraulic pressure of thesecond pressure chamber are set to be equal to each other.
 5. Avehicular brake system as defined in claim 1, further comprisingreaction-force setting means for setting a reaction force in accordancewith the amount of operation of the operating device which is receivedby the input piston, and reaction-force supplying means for applying thereaction force set by the reaction-force setting means to the inputpiston so as to exert the reaction force on the operating device.
 6. Avehicular brake system as defined in claim 1, further comprisingreaction-force generating means for generating a reaction force to beapplied to the operating device via the input piston, and reaction-forcerestricting means for restricting the reaction force applied to theoperating device by the reaction-force generating means upon occurrenceof an abnormality.
 7. A vehicular brake system as defined in claim 6,wherein the reaction-force restricting means comprises asolenoid-operated valve or a relief valve.
 8. A vehicular brake systemas defined in claim 1, further comprising: (g) operating amountdetecting means for detecting an amount of operation of the operatingdevice which is received by the input piston, (h) reaction-force oilpressure setting means for setting a reaction-force oil pressure inaccordance with the amount of operation detected by the operating amountdetecting means or the braking oil pressure generated, and (i)reaction-force oil pressure supplying means for applying thereaction-force oil pressure set by the reaction-force oil pressuresetting means to the input piston so as to exert reaction force on theoperating device.
 9. A vehicular brake system as defined in claim 8,wherein: the control oil pressure supplying means supplies the controloil pressure to the first pressure chamber located on one side of theinput piston as viewed in the direction of movement of the input pistonor the second pressure chamber located on the other side of the inputpiston, so that the braking oil pressure can be delivered from the firstpressure chamber and a third pressure chamber provided on a side of thepressure piston which is opposite to another side at which the firstpressure chamber is located; a first pressure sensor is provided fordetecting the braking oil pressure delivered from the first pressurechamber, and a second pressure sensor is provided for detecting thebraking oil pressure delivered from the third pressure chamber; and whena failure of the operating amount detecting means is detected, thecontrol oil pressure setting means sets the control oil pressure so thatthe pressure detected by the first pressure sensor becomes substantiallyequal to the pressure detected by the second pressure sensor.
 10. Avehicular brake system as defined in claim 8, wherein: a third pressuresensor is provided for detecting the reaction-force oil pressure appliedto the input piston, and a reaction-force detection sensor is providedfor detecting the reaction force applied to the operating device; thereaction-force oil pressure supplying means is controlled so that thereaction-force oil pressure set by the reaction-force oil pressuresetting means becomes substantially equal to the actual reaction-forceoil pressure detected by the third pressure sensor; and when a failureof the third pressure sensor is detected, the reaction-force oilpressure setting means sets the reaction-force oil pressure inaccordance with the reaction force detected by the reaction-forcedetection sensor.
 11. A vehicular brake system as defined in claim 8,wherein a failure of the reaction-force oil pressure supplying means isdetected based on a relationship between the amount of operation of theoperating device detected by the operating amount detecting means andthe reaction force applied to the operating device.
 12. A vehicularbrake system as defined in claim 8, wherein: the control oil pressuresupplying means supplies the control oil pressure to the first pressurechamber located on one side of the input piston as viewed in thedirection of movement of the input piston or the second pressure chamberlocated on the other side of the input piston so that the braking oilpressures can be delivered from the first pressure chamber and a thirdpressure chamber provided on a side of the pressure piston which isopposite to another side at which the first pressure chamber is located;a first pressure sensor is provided for detecting the braking oilpressure delivered from the first pressure chamber, and a secondpressure sensor is provided for detecting the braking oil pressuredelivered from the third pressure chamber; and when the braking oilpressure detected by the second pressure sensor is lower than thebraking oil pressure detected by the first pressure sensor by apredetermined value or greater, it is determined that a defect exists ina delivery channel through which the braking oil pressure is deliveredfrom the third pressure chamber, and the reaction-force oil pressure setby the reaction-force oil pressure setting means is reduced.
 13. Avehicular brake system as defined in claim 8, wherein: the control oilpressure supplying means supplies the control oil pressure to the firstpressure chamber located on one side of the input piston as viewed inthe direction of movement of the input piston or the second pressurechamber located on the other side of the input piston so that thebraking oil pressure can be delivered from the first pressure chamberand a third pressure chamber provided on a side of the pressure pistonwhich is opposite to another side at which the first pressure chamber islocated; a first pressure sensor is provided for detecting the brakingoil pressure delivered from the first pressure chamber; and when thebraking oil pressure detected by the first pressure sensor is lower thanthe control oil pressure set by the control oil pressure setting meansby a predetermined value or greater, it is determined that a defectexists in a delivery channel through which the braking oil pressure isdelivered from the first pressure chamber, and the reaction-force oilpressure set by the reaction-force oil pressure setting means isreduced.
 14. A vehicular brake system as defined in claim 8, wherein:the control oil pressure supplying means supplies the control oilpressure to the first pressure chamber located on one side of the inputpiston as viewed in the direction of movement of the input piston or thesecond pressure chamber located on the other side of the input piston,so that the braking oil pressure can be delivered from the firstpressure chamber and a third pressure chamber provided on a side of thepressure piston which is opposite to another side at which the firstpressure chamber is located; a first pressure sensor is provided fordetecting the braking oil pressure delivered from the first pressurechamber, and a second pressure sensor is provided for detecting thebraking oil pressure delivered from the third pressure chamber; and therelationship between the position of the input piston and that of thepressure piston is determined based on a difference between the pressuredetected by the first pressure sensor and the pressure detected by thesecond pressure sensor.
 15. A vehicular brake system as defined in claim14, wherein: it is determined whether the input piston and the pressurepiston are in contact with each other, based on the amount of operationof the operating device detected by the operating amount detectingmeans; and when the input piston and the pressure piston are not incontact with each other, and the difference between the pressuredetected by the first pressure sensor and the pressure detected by thesecond pressure sensor is equal to or larger than a predetermined value,it is determined that at least one of the first pressure sensor and thesecond pressure sensor is at fault.
 16. A vehicular brake system asdefined in claim 8, wherein: a third pressure sensor is provided fordetecting the reaction-force oil pressure applied to the input piston,and a reaction-force detection sensor is provided for detecting thereaction force applied to the operating device; a failure of the thirdpressure sensor or the reaction-force detection sensor is detected basedon the reaction-force oil pressure detected by the third pressure sensorand the reaction force detected by the reaction-force detection sensor;and when a failure of the third pressure sensor or the reaction-forcedetection sensor is detected, an amount of change of the reaction-forceoil pressure set by the reaction-force oil pressure setting means isreduced.
 17. A vehicular brake system as defined in claim 8, wherein:the control oil pressure supplying means supplies the control oilpressure to the first pressure chamber located on one side of the inputpiston as viewed in the direction of movement of the input piston or thesecond pressure chamber located on the other side of the input piston,so that the braking oil pressure can be delivered from the firstpressure chamber and a third pressure chamber provided on a side of thepressure piston which is opposite to another side at which the firstpressure chamber is located; the reaction-force oil pressure supplyingmeans applies the reaction-force oil pressure from a reaction-forcechamber to the input piston; leakage of a hydraulic oil between thefirst pressure chamber and the reaction-force chamber is detected whenthe control oil pressure applied to the first pressure chamber isincreased in a condition in which the hydraulic oil is inhibited frombeing discharged from the reaction-force chamber; and when the leakageis detected, the control oil pressure setting means sets the control oilpressure based on the reaction force applied to the operating device.18. A vehicular brake system comprising: an input piston that issupported in a cylinder to be movable in an axial direction of thecylinder; an operating device coupled to the input piston; a pressurepiston that is disposed coaxially with the input piston and is supportedin the cylinder to be movable in the axial direction; a control oilpressure setting unit that sets a control oil pressure in accordancewith an amount of operation of the operating device which is received bythe input piston; an oil pressure supplying unit that applies thecontrol oil pressure set by the control oil pressure setting unit to thepressure piston so as to generate a braking oil pressure being directlyapplied to a wheel cylinder; and an operating force absorber thatabsorbs an operating force applied from the operating device to theinput piston wherein the pressure piston is supported in the cylinder tobe movable in the axial direction such that the pressure piston can bepressed directly by the input piston, wherein the oil pressure supplyingunit applies the control oil pressure set by the control oil pressuresetting unit to a first pressure chamber located on one side of theinput piston as viewed in the direction of movement of the input pistonor a second pressure chamber located on the other side of the inputpiston so as to generate the braking oil pressure, and wherein theoperating force absorber includes a communication passage that allows ahydraulic oil to flow between the first pressure chamber and the secondpressure chamber so as to absorb operating force applied from theoperating device when the input piston moves in response to theoperating force.
 19. A vehicular brake system comprising: an inputpiston that is supported in a cylinder to be movable in an axialdirection of the cylinder; an operating device coupled to the inputpiston; a pressure piston that is disposed coaxially with the inputpiston and is supported in the cylinder to be movable in the axialdirection such that the pressure piston can be pressed by the inputpiston; a control oil pressure setting unit that sets a control oilpressure in accordance with an amount of operation of the operatingdevice which is received by the input piston; an oil pressure supplyingunit that applies the control oil pressure set by the control oilpressure setting unit to a first pressure chamber located on one side ofthe input piston as viewed in the direction of movement of the inputpiston or a second pressure chamber located on the other side of theinput piston so as to generate a braking oil pressure being directlyapplied to a wheel cylinder; and a communication passage that allows ahydraulic oil to flow between the first pressure chamber and the secondpressure chamber so as to absorb an operating force applied from theoperating device when the input piston moves in response to theoperating force.
 20. A vehicular brake system comprising: an inputpiston that is supported in a cylinder to be movable in an axialdirection of the cylinder; an operating device coupled to the inputpiston; a pressure piston that is disposed coaxially with the inputpiston and is supported in the cylinder to be movable in the axialdirection; an operating amount detector that detects an amount ofoperation of the operating device which is received by the input piston;a control oil pressure setting unit that sets a control oil pressure inaccordance with the amount of operation detected by the operating amountdetector; a control oil pressure supplying unit that applies the controloil pressure set by the control oil pressure setting unit to thepressure piston so as to generate a braking oil pressure; an operatingforce absorber that absorbs an operating force applied from theoperating device to the input piston; a reaction-force oil pressuresetting unit that sets a reaction-force oil pressure in accordance withthe amount of operation detected by the operating amount detector or thebraking oil pressure generated; and a reaction-force oil pressuresupplying unit that applies the reaction-force oil pressure set by thereaction-force oil pressure setting unit to the input piston so as toexert reaction force on the operating device.